Test Motherboard Memory

Properly working memory is a critical component of a computer.

Random Access Memory (RAM) provides a temporary storage place for data before it gets written to disk. RAM also provides a place for the computer to store application information for quick retrieval. Problems with RAM can crash your computer, corrupt data or cause other issues that prevent the system from operating correctly.

Instructions

1. Download a memory testing application. Several free testing applications are available. Memtest86+ or MemScope provide the ability to test RAM without expensive hardware testing devices. Use the working computer to create a bootable CD, floppy or USB drive for the Memtest86+ or MemScope applications.

2. Boot the malfunctioning computer from the bootable CD, USB drive or floppy. Both Memtest86+ and Memscope launch directly into their testing applications. This allows the the applications to test as much memory as possible without the overhead of an operating system.

3. Select the level of testing. Each application allows the user to choose how thoroughly to test the memory. More detailed testing permits the user to identify infrequent or intermittent memory faults or problems that only occur when the system runs for a period of time.

4. Run the tests. Once started, the application runs through a series of tests looking for error conditions as each block of memory is addressed. Memory testing applications do not provide the thoroughness of hardware testing devices because they use memory themselves -- but should be sufficient to locate major defects.

5. Swap one memory stick out at a time. If the testing applications do not find any faults in the memory and the problems still persist. you may try swapping out one memory stick out with a known good memory stick and test the computer. This requires you to remove the case cover to gain access to the motherboard directly. With the computer turned off, open the clamps holding the memory to the motherboard and remove one stick and replace it with the known good one. Turn the computer on and boot into your regular operating system and test the functionality of your applications. Repeat for each stick of memory until all of them are tested. If the problem still persists, the issue is not with memory.

Tags: testing applications, memory stick, hardware testing, hardware testing devices, known good

What Are The Different Parts Of A Motherboard

A motherboard is the primary circuit board found in many electronic devices that perform complicated processes, such as computers and televisions. Also called a logic board on Apple computers, main board, system board, or mobo for short, the motherboard is where all other components that help the device function are plugged, including peripherals.

Chipset

The chipset is a set of integrated circuits that function together and allow the connection of the main memory, the central processing unit's (CPU) front-side bus, and any peripheral buses.

Clock Generator

The clock generator circuit creates a clock or timing signal that allows the device's many components to synchronize.

Connectors

Power connectors distribute power from the electrical source to the device's components, while additional connectors support the attachment of essential components, such as a keyboard or mouse.

Non-Volatile Memory Chips

These highly specialized chips are able to store information whether the device is powered on or not, and they contain the critical system BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and firmware in computers.

Slots

Memory slots are designed to house the device's main memory, general slots hold expansion cards, and slots called sockets permit the installation of microprocessors that perform CPU functions.

Tags: main memory, that perform

Interactive Heat Transfer Software

Interactive heat transfer analysis helps ensure electrical systems do not overheat.

Every electrical system has a built-in resistance that produces heat as current propagates through the system. Engineers use interactive heat transfer (IHT) software and systems to measure and quantify this heat.

Identification

IHT software helps engineers model, analyze and predict the amount of heat an electrical system will produce. The software provides a comprehensive thermal analysis for various electrical systems and configurations, including resistance networks, steady state conduction, extended surfaces and lumped capacitance.

Features

Some specific features of the software include a user-friendly interface, the ability to save and load data and the ability to estimate the physical properties of electrical circuit components. Engineers need to estimate the physical properties of the electrical network so they can properly model the electrical network prior to making thermal and heat transfer calculations.

Significance

By predicting and forecasting the amount of heat an electrical system will generate, engineers can design the cooling systems needed to maintain operation. For this reason, IHT software is a mission-critical design tool for engineers.

Tags: electrical system, amount heat, amount heat electrical, electrical network, electrical system will, electrical systems

Socket 939 Compatible Processors

Socket 939 motherboads are compatible with DDR2 RAM.

Socket 939 is an outdated socket type that supports several types of AMD processors. Socket 939 processors support a variety of features including 64-bit instruction sets, dual-channel DDR2 RAM modules and dual-core processors. Socket 939 supports processors from five different processor families. Although they're physically very similar, socket 939 compatible processors aren't interchangeable with socket 940 or socket AM2 processors.

Sempron 64

The Sempron 64 processor family includes processors that are compatible with socket 754, 939 and AM2. These processor are budget models that use a single processing core. They operate at speeds up to 2.3 gigahertz and have a Level 3 data cache of 512KB. There are a total of nine processors in this family that support socket 939 versions of the Sempron 64 processors from the 3000, 3200, 3400 and 3500 models. These processors include both 32-bit and 64-bit processors.

Athlon 64 FX

The Athlon 64 FX is a high-end family of processors designed to provide high levels of performance. The socket 939 compatible models of this processor family include both dual- and single-core models. All of the Athlon 64 FX processors include support for 64-bit processing and have speeds ranging between 2,400 and 2,800 MHz. There are a total of four models from this family that support socket 939 motherboards including the FX-53, FX-55, FX-57 and FX-60. Of these processors, the FX-57 has the highest clock speed; however, the FX-60 is the dual-core model, giving it the edge over the FX-57 in most tests.

Opteron

The AMD Opteron family is intended for use in server computers. The Opteron is available in three basic types designed for systems using one, two or up to eight processors. The Opterons available for socket 939 are all designed for uni-processor systems. These processors are available in speeds between 1,800 MHz and 3,000 MHz. Opteron processors that provide socket 939 support include versions of model numbers 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154 and 156. The Opteron 156 is the most powerful processor available that supports this socket.

Athlon 64 X2

The Athlon 64 X2 family of processors is the dual-core version of the Athlon 64. The processors from this family that support socket 939 have operating frequencies between 2,000 MHz and 2,400 MHz. The Athlon 64 X2 family has 11 processors that are compatible with socket 939. These processors have Level 2 data caches that are rated at 512KB, 1MB and 2MB. The processors in this family that are compatible with socket 939 include versions from model numbers 3600, 3800, 4200, 4400, 4600 and 4800.

Athlon 64

The Athlon 64 family is the generation of processors before the dual-core Athlon 64 X2 models were released. These processors are single-core models with L2 data caches of one megabyte or less. The Athlon 64 line also includes support for 64-bit processing. This family of processors provides the most extensive support for socket 939 motherboards with a total of 28 processors. These models of the Athlon 64 have CPU frequencies between 1,800 and 2,400 MHz. The models of this processor family that are compatible with socket 939 include versions of the 3000, 3200, 3400, 3500, 3700, 3800 and 4000 models.

Tags: compatible with, family that, with socket, compatible with socket, family processors

Uninstall An Intel Accelerator Driver

Use the device manager utility to uninstall video card drivers from a Windows PC.

The Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950 is a video card that is built into the central circuit board or motherboard on some PC's with an Intel processor. This onboard, or sometimes called integrated video card, can not be removed, but can be replaced by plugging in a separately purchased video card to the motherboard. Before upgrading to a new non-integrated video card uninstall the drivers for the Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950 to avoid errors and conflicts. A driver is a specific set of files that allows a hardware device to communicate with the other components of the PC.

Instructions

1. Click "Start" on the Windows 7 desktop followed by typing "Device Manager" into the search box that appears and pressing "Enter". The device manager window comes into view showing a number of device categories.

2. Open the "Display Adapters" heading and then double click on the Intel Graphics Media Accelerator. A video display properties window opens.

3. Click on the "Driver" tab in the video display properties window and then press the "Uninstall Driver" button. Windows proceeds to uninstall the driver for the Intel Graphics Media Accelerator video card. Close the device manager to resume normal computer use.

Tags: video card, Graphics Media, Graphics Media Accelerator, Intel Graphics, Intel Graphics Media, Media Accelerator, Accelerator video

Intel P4 Giovani P8656u Specifications

The Giovani's BIOS provides plug-n-play support for peripheral devices.

The Intel P4 Giovani is an older model micro-ATX motherboard used in several models of Compaq desktop computers. The Compaq Presario S6000V CTO (P8656U) computer used two variations of the Giovani motherboard that are referred to as the Giovani GL6 and Giovani2 GL6 models by Compaq. The manufacturer's name for this board is MS-6577 M-ATX. The two versions of this board -- Giovani and Giovani2 -- are respectively referred to as revisions 3.1 and 4.0 by the manufacturer. Support for the S6000V CTO and the Giovani motherboard was stopped by Hewlett Packard as of March 31, 2007.

Processing

The Giovani motherboard uses a socket 478 processor interface that supports Intel Celeron processors using the Prescott processor core and P4 processors using the Williamette or Northwood processing cores. The Giovani supports P4 processors rated up to 2.8 gigahertz (GHz) and Celeron processors rated at speeds up to 3.06 GHz -- with a 533 megahertz (MHz) front side bus (FSB). The Giovani's onboard chipset is an Intel 845GV that supports a 400/533 MHz FSB and DDR RAM modules rated at 200, 266 or 333 MHz. The Giovani's Intel ICH4 integrated controller hub supports USB 2.0, AC'97 2.2, three UHCI host controllers and one EHCI host controller.

Memory

The Giovani motherboard has two RAM slots that support DDR DIMM modules with a maximum memory size of one gigabyte per slot. Each slot supports PC2100 or PC2700 non-ECC unbuffered memory sticks. The Giovani supports a maximum of four hard drives -- or optical drives -- using two ATA 100 IDE slots.

Ports and Slots

The Giovani provides support for a variety of external connectors used to connect peripherals to the motherboard. The ports supported on the Giovani motherboard include a pair of PS/2 ports, four front and two rear USB ports, one VGA port, one RJ-45 LAN port, a serial port, a parallel port and audio line in, line out and microphone in ports. The Giovani also supports the use of expansion cards with three available internal 32-bit PCI slots.

Integrated Devices

The Giovani motherboard provides several devices as integrated parts of the board. Network connectivity is provided by a RealTek RTL8101L integrated 10/100 Ethernet card. Audio output on the Giovani is supplied by the AC'97 audio controller built into the ICH4 controller hub while video output is handled by the integrated Intel 845GV chip.

Tags: Giovani motherboard, Celeron processors, Giovani Giovani2, Giovani supports, Intel 845GV, Intel Giovani

What Is Core 2 Duo Architecture

Core 2 Duo is based off the Core Architecture

Intel's Core 2 Duo products were its best selling processors between 2007 and 2009. These dual-core processors had a unique name, but they were in fact just one of many Core branded products based off a similar Core architecture.

History

The Core 2 Duo line of processors arrived in 2007. The line was updated in 2008 by revised processors which featured slightly better performance and slightly less power consumption.

Architecture

The Core 2 Duo architecture is based off the Core 2 architecture. This architecture, a successor of the Core architecture which was in turn a successor to the Pentium III, was optimized for high performance at reasonable clock speeds.

Variants

The first processors with the Core 2 Duo architecture had the code names of Conroe and Allendale and were built on a 65nm manufacturing process. The later updated processors were code named Wolfdale and were built on a more efficient 45nm manufacturing process.

Performance

Through its reign the Core 2 Duo based processors had exceptional performance and were unbeaten by AMD in virtually ever benchmark.

Power Consumption

The Core 2 Duo architecture had low power consumption relative to its performance.

Compatibility

All Core 2 Duo based processors used the LGA775 socket. Motherboards with an LGA775 socket should be able to function with both the original Conroe/Allendale processors and the later Wolfdale versions.

Tags: Core architecture, Core based, based Core, based processors, Conroe Allendale, Core architecture, Core based processors

What Is A Duo Processor

The term "duo" refers to the Core 2 Duo, a family of central processing units (CPUs) produced by Intel. Each Core 2 Duo features two processing cores incorporated into a single CPU.

Benefits

According to Overclockers.com, each of the Core 2 Duo's processor cores is capable of working on one software instruction called a "thread" at a time. This means that, as a whole, the CPU can complete two tasks simultaneously, twice the amount of a single-core processor.

Types

As of 2010, Intel's current lineup of Core 2 Duos includes both desktop and laptop CPUs for both PC and Macintosh computers. These come in both 45 and 65 nanometer versions, which means that the transistors that represent the data being processed are either 45 or 65 nanometers wide.

Origins

Intel released the first Core 2 Duo in July 2006. The Duo replaced the company's Pentium 4 processor and was most directly in competition with AMD's Athlon 64 processor line.

Tags: means that

Update Alldata 7 0

ALLDATA Manage is software designed for auto repair shops.

ALLDATA Manage is software designed to help auto repair shop owners better manage their business. It includes tools that allow the user to create and estimate repair orders and order parts and supplies from retailers such as AutoZone, IAP, WHI, Autoi and WorldPac. The program also allows the user to keep track of their customers' vehicle history. In order to effectively utilize all of the functions that the program has the offer, it is imperative that the software be up-to-date. By using an installation disc with the newest version of the software, you will be able to easily update your previous installation.

Instructions

1. Save changes to open documents. Close all open documents and programs.

2. Insert the ALLDATA Manage disc into your computer's DVD drive.

3. Click the "Next" button on the menu that appears after inserting the installation disc.

4. Read the terms and conditions. Select "I accept" and "Next" to proceed.

5. Click "Finish" once ALLDATA Manage has finished updating. This process may take several minutes.

Tags: ALLDATA Manage, ALLDATA Manage software, auto repair, installation disc, Manage software

Th7 Usb Header Pin Installation

The TH7 motherboard features three USB ports and can be expanded to four via an expansion card. However, you'll find that only two of the motherboard's three ports work right out of the box. To enable the third USB port, you must set the motherboard's jumper caps, or "headers," on the board's USB pins. Before you venture out to enable your TH7's optional USB port, however, take some time to review the basics of the procedure.

Instructions

1. Power down your computer, then disconnect all attached cables. Place the tower unit on a level work surface, and remove your computer's case (see the Tips section).

2. Locate the "JP4" jumper set on your motherboard. You can find the jumper set above the board's 3V CMOS battery.

3. Place the first jumper cap over the first and third pins in the "JP4" jumper set. Place the second jumper cap over the second and fourth pins.

4. Replace your computer's case, replace it cables, then boot up your computer.

Tags: your computer, computer case, jumper over, three ports, your computer case

What Is The Difference Between Ddr2 Ddr3 Ddr4 & Ddr5 Ram

What Is the Difference Between DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 & DDR5 RAM?

Double data rate is one type of random access memory that a computer may use to function properly. While DRR4 memory may exist in 2012 and DDR5 does not yet exist, newer computers rely on DDR3 memory. Some computers still use DDR or DDR2 memory.

Design

Memory modules have a notch along the bottom that aligns with a bump in the memory slot in the computer. This notch is located in different places in all current models of DDR memory: DDR, DDR2 and DDR3. This prevents newer memory designs from being backward compatible or swappable.

Performance

Generally, DDR3 memory offers greater speeds than DRR2 memory. This results in a computer that may better handle multiple programs or demanding programs. DDR2 and DDR3 memory modules are also incompatible because they have different electricity needs. Each new version of DDR memory require less power than the previous version.

Misconceptions

GDDR3, GDDR4 and GDDR5 are memory technologies specific to a computer's graphic cards. However, GDDR memory is not the same as DDR memory, which currently exists up to DDR3.

Tags: DDR3 memory, DDR2 DDR3, Difference Between, What Difference, What Difference Between

What Is The Difference Between Sli & Evga

Where computer hardware is concerned, there can seem to be an overwhelming number of acronyms. With video or graphic cards in particular, there are not only acronyms describing functionality and types of hardware, but brand names as well.

SLI

SLI stands for Scalable Link Technology. It was developed and patented by NVIDIA Corporation, although you might now find reference to SLI in relation to other manufacturers and brands. SLI uses NVIDIA's proprietary logic to boost scaling and rendering when more than one SLI card are used on a supported motherboard.

EVGA

EVGA is a manufacturer of graphics cards and related components. As of 2010, EVGA offers more than 10 models using NVIDIA SLI technology. You may also find SLI-ready motherboards by EVGA.

Misconceptions

EVGA is often confused with VGA, which is the original graphics standard invented by IBM. An SLI card itself will be labeled as VGA, indicating that it is compatible with the standard 15-pin connector found on most monitors. SLI may be confused with ATI Crossfire, which is a similar technology developed by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD), which also uses more than one graphics card to boost performance.

Tags: more than, confused with

Troubleshoot An Asus P5q With No Sound

The P5Q is a Socket 775 motherboard made by ASUS. It comes with a built-in Realtek 8-channel high-definition audio codec that uses an internal converter to translate digital signals to analog audio, and vice versa. If the ASUS P5Q fails to emit sound, the high-definition audio setting in the basic input/output system (BIOS) program could be disabled. Speaker configuration can also make it seem as if the ASUS P5Q is failing to play audio. To fix the audio problems on the ASUS motherboard, troubleshoot the BIOS and check the speakers.

Instructions

1. Power on the ASUS P5Q and press "Del" or "Delete" to boot to the BIOS Setup Utility. The BIOS, or basic input-output system, is an interface with the motherboard's firmware. Use the arrow pad to go to the "Advanced" tab.

2. Scroll down to "Onboard Devices Configuration." Press "Enter" to open the submenu.

3. Select "High Definition Audio." Press "+" and "-" to change the option to "Enabled" if the setting is configured as "Disabled."

4. Scroll to "Front Panel Type." Use the "+" and "-" keys to select "HD Audio" or "AC97," depending on which specification the front panel audio component supports. Consult the documentation included with the component if you aren't sure which one to select.

5. Go to "SPDIF OUT Mode Setting." Use the "+" and "-" keys to toggle between "SPDIF Output" or "HDMI Output." Select the latter option only if you have a video card with HDMI support and are using the SPDIF signal for the high-definition monitor's speakers.

6. Press "F10" to save your changes and exit from the BIOS.

7. Connect the speakers to the lime green Line-Out port on the back or front of the computer. Confirm the speakers are powered on and that the tuner is not set to its minimum setting.

8. Boot in to the operating system. Check the volume tuner to confirm that the sound is not muted in the OS, then test the sound.

Tags: high-definition audio

What Are Quantum Computers

Quantum computers don't exist . . . yet. But if and when scientists develop the ideas behind quantum computing to create a practical product, the implications will be staggering. Quantum computers could, in a matter of minutes, perform certain types of calculations that would take millions of years on classical computers. Some scientists even speculate that quantum computing may finally make genuine artificial intelligence possible. Scientists have a lot of bugs to work out first, though.

The Weird Nature of Quantum Mechanics

To understand why quantum computers could offer so much computational advantage over classical computers, you have to understand a bit about the strange nature of matter on a sub-atomic level. You may be familiar with the example of Shroedinger's cat: if a cat is in a box and its life or death depends on the state of a subatomic particle following quantum mechanics rather than classical mechanics, then the cat is simultaneously both alive and dead, until we open the box and observe the results. This is difficult to conceptualize, and the example of the cat is not intended to be taken literally. The point is that while on a macroscopic level matter must be in either one state or another, subatomic matter can exist in different states simultaneously.

Bits and Qubits

In classical computing, the bit is the basic unit of information. A bit is binary. It's in one of two states: zero or one; off or on; plus (+) or minus (-). With quantum computing, the basic unit of information is the qubit, which can exist simultaneously as both zero and one. This is difficult to understand because it conflicts with our standard macroscopic view of reality. But think about three bits of information. Each of the three bits has two different states, so three bits can describe one of eight different states (2^3). Three qubits exist in all eight different states simultaneously. One way to conceptualize this is to think of the qubits existing in eight different universes. So when you perform operations on these three qubits, you are performing operations on all eight states simultaneously. An operation on four qubits would act on 16 values simultaneously. Each additional qubit doubles the number of simultaneous operations performed.

Quantum Parallelism

Computer scientists already make use of parallelism by breaking a problem down and having separate computers work on a piece of the problem. A thousand different computers could perform a complex calculation in a thousandth of the amount of time a single computer would take to perform the same calculation on its own. But for really difficult problems, like factoring a number with several hundred digits, there aren't enough computers on the entire planet to perform the calculation in a reasonable amount of time. But a quantum computer could essentially run the problem in billions of different universes simultaneously, a phenomenon known as quantum parallelism.

Implications

Most modern cryptography is based on factoring large numbers, which is far too complicated for computers today to accomplish in a reasonable amount of time. As a result, cryptographers have little concern that computers can crack their codes. Quantum computers could change that. For example, factoring a 1,000 digit number would take 10 million billion billion years on the best computers we have today. Even running a billion of these computers in parallel could, at best, reduce the time by a factor of a billion, so you'd still be waiting 10 million billion years. But, theoretically, a quantum computer could do it in 20 minutes. If quantum computers become a reality, computer security as we know it could essentially evaporate. But serious and complicated technical problems remain to be solved. So we don't have to worry about quantum computer hackers. Yet.

Tags: computers could, different states, amount time, eight different, quantum computer, Quantum computers

Test The Ram On An Sli Video Card

Corroded contacts or damaged capacitors indicate a damaged video card.

If you are concerned that there may be a hardware fault in the memory of your SLI video card, you should run a diagnostic test. A fault in your video card's memory may be a result of a manufacturing defect or the result of hardware failure from excess stress. In which case, you should read the warranty information and contact the vendor to inquire about a refund or replacement. To prevent voiding the warranty, do not overclock or tamper with the card.

Instructions

1. Download Video Memory Stress Test. Since there is no standard feature for this task in Windows, this free program is the best method to rigorously test the the memory.

2. Open Video Memory Stress Test by double-clicking on the downloaded file.

3. Run the program by double-clicking on "vmt.exe." If prompted, extract the files and run the program again.

4. Select your graphics card from the "Device" drop-down menu located in the bottom-left corner.

5. Enable the "Beep if errors found" option located near the middle-right side of the window.

6. Click Start to begin testing. Errors will be displayed in the Results box.

Tags: your video card, Memory Stress, Memory Stress Test, Stress Test, video card

Upgrade A Computer'S Bios

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a chip on the motherboard that boots the computer and allows Windows to communicate with the hardware. Although the risk of doing so is considerable, you may need to update your computer's BIOS for it to work with new hardware or, in some instances, for year-2000 compliance.

Instructions

1. Check your computer or motherboard manual for any information about upgrading the BIOS.

2. Reboot your computer and enter the Setup screen. Check your computer or motherboard manual for information on do this.

3. Press the Print Screen key to make a record of each page of your settings.

4. Find out the manufacturer and model of your current BIOS. Check for the information as your computer boots, or find it in the Setup screen information you printed. If neither method works, check the BIOS chip for identifying information.

5. Check the manufacturer's Web site to see if the BIOS can be "flash" upgraded. If so, download the utility program. If not, proceed to Step 8.

6. Copy the program to a floppy disk.

7. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for running the program. Skip to Step 10.

8. Contact the manufacturer of your BIOS chip to find out if an updated chip is available, and if that chip will fit into the same slot on your motherboard.

9. Get and install a new BIOS chip, if available. Search the Internet for installation instructions.

10. Reboot your computer and enter the Setup screen. Change the Setup back to the previous settings if necessary or desired.

Tags: your computer, BIOS chip, Setup screen, Check your, Check your computer, chip available

Turn Off Power Saving

Power Save Mode is a computer setting that reduces power consumption and conserves battery capacity by shutting down hardware devices that have been idle for quite some time. When it is enabled, your computer goes into hibernation or standby mode when not in use. Disabling the Power Saving options on your computer prevents your computer from going to sleep during time-consuming tasks, such as backing-up a hard drive or converting a large media file to a different format.

Instructions

Turning Off Power Saving on Windows Vista

1. Plug in your power adapter. Click "Start" on your computer screen and click "Control Panel."

2. Double-click the "Systems Management" link and click the "Power Options" link.

3. Select "High Performance" under the power plan window. Click "OK" to save the changes. This will disable the automatic power-saving sleep mode.

Turning Off Power Saving on Windows XP

4. Plug in your power adapter. Click "Start" on your computer screen and select "Control Panel."

5. Double-click the "Power Options" icon. Click on the "Power Schemes" tab and select "Never" under "Turn off hard disks, System Standby, System Hibernates and Turn off monitor" That will prevent any of these devices from going into power save mode.

6. Click the "Hibernate" tab and remove the check from the "Enable Hibernation" option. Click "OK" to save your changes.

Turning Off Power Saving on Macintosh OSX

7. Plug in your power adapter. Select the "System Preferences" icon from the Dock (or double click on the icon in the Applications folder).

8. Select the "Energy Saver" icon (looks like a lightbulb).

9. If your system preferences are locked, click on the lock icon in the lower left-hand corner of the window and enter your password. Use the "Settings for" pull-down menu to select which power source you want to regulate, 'power adapter" or "battery."

10. Slide the bars for "Put the computer to sleep ... " and/or "Put the display to sleep ... " all the way to the right (to "Never").

11. Uncheck the box next to "Put the hard disk(s) to sleep when possible." Close the window to save your settings.

Tags: Power Saving, your computer, power adapter, Plug your, Plug your power, Turning Power

What Is Staggered Pin Grid Array

In a staggered pin grid array, pins on a circuit are set in a diagonal pattern.

Throughout the history of the integrated circuit, the arrangement of the metal connector pins has changed. As the need for larger and faster data transfers has increased, the pin grid array has evolved to meet this need.

Description

The staggered pin grid array (SPGA) is an arrangement of pins on an integrated circuit in which the pins are placed in diagonal rows. The pattern is also described as intersecting squares.

Benefits

The benefit of using a staggered pin grid array, versus the previous standard of aligned rows and columns, is that the SPGA positioning allows for closer pins, and thus more pins over a given surface area. This can decrease the size of a microchip or provide larger transfer capacity in a similar-size chip.

History

In early integrated circuits, pins were arranged using the pin grid array (PGA) that set pins in a gridlike formation. As processors advanced and required more pins, the PGA was no longer appropriate. The staggered pin grid array was created to decrease the microprocessor size when a large number of pins is required. Processors based on Socket 5, Socket 7 and Socket 8 technology commonly use this formation.

Tags: grid array, staggered grid array, staggered grid, integrated circuit, more pins, Socket Socket

Information On The Amd Phenom X4 Quadcore Processor

The AMD Phenom X4 quad-core family of processors is designed for desktop computers. All Phenom X4 processors are developed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).

History

The Phenom X4 quad-core processor family was introduced in November 2007 with the first two models of the series, the Phenom 9500 and 9600.

Features

The Phenom X4 family utilizes quad-core technology, which comprises two dual-core dies on one chip (four cores total). The processing speed of Phenom X4 processors ranges from 1800 MHz to 2600 MHz. The Phenom X4 family has an L2 cache size of 512 kilobytes per core, and a 2 megabyte (MB) L3 cache size. The X4 processors vary in socket type, with socket types of either Socket AM2 or Socket AM2+. They also utilize "Cool'n'Quiet" technology (reduces energy cost, and increases performance), as well as many other energy-saving and performance-enhancing technologies.

Types

The Phenom X4 family is made up of a wide variety of processors, including the Phenom X4 9100e, 9150e, 9350e, 9450e, 9500, 9550, 9600, 9600 Black Edition, 9600B (two different models), 9650, 9700, 9750B, 9850 (two models), 9850 Black Edition and 9950 Black Edition (two models).

Fun Fact

The Phenom X4 is the predecessor of the Phenom II X4, and the successor of the Athlon 64 X2.

Tags: Black Edition, Phenom family, cache size, Phenom processors, Phenom quad-core

What Is The Difference Between An Atx & Atx12v In Power Supply Units

Molex connector on an ATX power supply.

The advanced technology extended (ATX) standard is one of the most widely used form factor in computer systems today. Over time, the ATX standard has been modified to include several different versions including ATX and ATX12V (ATX v. 2.0+).

ATX Power Supply

One of the distinguishing characteristics of the ATX power supply is that it uses a single 20-pin connector as the main power connector. The ATX power supply come with three different power connectors: +3.3V, +5V, and +12V. The 4-pin 12V connector, supplies power exclusively to the processor, while the 6-pin auxiliary power connector carries +3.3V and +5V voltages for other components. The +5V connector allows ATX power supplies to carry Standby and Power On signals enabling the operating system to perform a soft power shutdown.

ATX12V Form Factor

The ATX12V power supply contains a 2 x 12 (24-pin) power connector. The 25-pin connector supports the 75 Watt PCI Express requirements and it is backward compatible. It also contains an additional 12V rail for components requiring greater than 18 amps of current.

Additional Differences

The ATX12V power supply standard eliminates the auxiliary power connector. Minimum efficiency ratings on the ATX12V power supply are greater than the ATX power supply.

Tags: power connector, power supply, ATX12V power, auxiliary power, auxiliary power connector, connector power

Information On The Asus P2bvt Motherboard

The ASUS P2BVT is an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) motherboard. Its release date was in the year 1998. OEM motherboards are generic motherboards sold to other manufacturers and branded under their companies' names.

Supported Processer Type

This motherboard comes with Slot 1 for Intel Pentium II series processors between the speeds of 233 and 433 megahertz. The motherboard runs on an Intel 100 megahertz 440BX Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) chipset.

System Memory Details

The ASUS P2BVT has three dual-in line memory modules (DIMM) for system random access memory (RAM). It will run on a minimum of 8 megabytes and up to a maximum of 768 megabytes of RAM. The more RAM a system has, the faster it will load and run applications.

Expansion Slots

There is one 32-bit AGP port and four 32-bit peripheral component interconnect (PCI) ports. AGP ports support high-end video cards for increased video performance. This motherboard also includes four Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slots. These ISA slots typically support audio cards and older video card models.

Onboard Input/Output (I/O)

There is one port for floppy disk drives and two serial ports included on this motherboard. Modems and non-universal serial bus (USB) mice tend to connect to serial ports. There is one parallel port for printer connections.

Tags: ASUS P2BVT, serial ports, This motherboard

Zoology Degrees

Zoology master's degree program can be focused on a single species

Zoology degree programs can be found in the science and veterinary departments of colleges and universities, but there are also special zoology colleges where students can specialize in a certain field of research. Zoologists study animals, their behavior and habitats, development of certain species and the interaction between animals and their environment. Degree studies can focus on conservation and biodiversity, cell and molecular biology, veterinary training or ecology, evolution and behavior. Numerous colleges and educational institutions offer on-line zoology degrees for people all around the world, giving them the privilege to study in their own tempo.

Undergraduate Degree

The first step to become a zoologist is to major in zoology or biology as undergraduate. The Department of Zoology at Oregon State University is one of the institutions that grant undergraduate degrees. Zoology majors can apply for the bachelor's degree in zoology and meet the requirements for professional schools, including medicine, dentistry, optometry, or veterinary medicine. The undergraduate program includes cellular and developmental biology, organism biology, or ecology, population biology, and behavior. Undergraduate students must have 180 hours of study to get their bachelor's degree.

Graduate Degrees

The department of zoology at Oregon State University offers Master of Arts, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. The graduate areas include behavioral ecology, behavioral endocrinology, cell biology, chemical ecology, comparative immunology, conservation biology, developmental biology, evolutionary biology, genetics, marine ecology, neurobiology, parasitology, physiology, and population biology. Students are required to have wide biology knowledge. Interdisciplinary degrees in cell and molecular biology and genetics are also available.

Master's Degree

Generally, master's degree programs focus on the scientific study of an animal and research involving molecular and cellular systems, anatomy, physiology and behavior. Successful graduates typically produce a thesis. The program may include molecular and cell biology, microbiology, anatomy and physiology, evolutionary biology, ecology and behavior. The Oregon State University offers Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees.

Doctoral Degree

To be qualified for a teaching job or become a researcher, a person needs to get a doctoral degree. The PhD program puts an accent on independent thesis research on a major topic, which leads to a dissertation. Advanced zoology degrees can open up additional job opportunities in fields like environmental research, agricultural lab work or medical research.

Tags: Oregon State, Oregon State University, State University, anatomy physiology, animals their

The Difference Between Msi Motherboards

Headquartered in Taiwan, Micro-Star International Co., Ltd. -- commonly abbreviated as MSI -- manufactures personal computers that include laptops and all-in-one desktop PCs, as well as a few of their components. One of these components is the motherboard, which holds several of the PC's crucial connectors. MSI specializes in motherboards that go in desktop PCs. As of September 2011, more than 60 MSI motherboards exist, which are differentiated mainly in terms of processor technology.

Socket

The MSI motherboards are primarily divided into two categories: those that use central processing units (CPUs) from semiconductor company Intel Corp. and those that have CPUs from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), another semiconductor firm. Each motherboard has a CPU socket for physical and electrical attachment of the processor. The Intel-based boards usually contain Land Grid Array (LGA) 775, or Socket T; LGA 1366, or Socket B; LGA 1156, or Socket H; or LGA 1155, which is also known as Socket H2. The AMD-based boards usually have one of two sockets: AM2 or AM3.

Processor Compatibility

The Intel-based MSI motherboards with LGA 775 have the oldest CPU socket. It was released in 2004 primarily for Intel's then-premier Pentium processor brand, but compatibility was extended in 2006 to the Intel Core 2, which relegated the Pentium to mid-range status. LGA 1366, released in 2008, is used for the Intel Core i7, which was one of the next-generation Core chips. LGA 1156 and 1155 -- released in 2009 and 2011, respectively -- are also compatible with the entry-level Core i3 and mid-range i5 in addition to the top-tier i7. The AM2 and AM3 sockets -- debuting in 2007 and 2009, respectively -- accommodate AMD's mid-range Athlon and top-level Phenom CPU brands, with budget-oriented Sempron compatibility added on the AMD3.

Chipset

The Intel-based MSI motherboards are usually paired with an Intel chipset, a group of integrated circuits designed to regulate the interaction of the CPU with other components of the motherboard. The AMD-based MSI boards also largely depend on chipsets from the same manufacturer. A few of them, however, use chipsets from graphics processing unit (GPU) manufacturer Nvidia instead.

Connectors and Ports

Although they differ in number between certain models, the MSI motherboards carry inputs and outputs that protrude from the back panels of desktop PCs. These include audio jacks for headphones and microphones; a Video Graphics Array (VGA) port for connecting the monitor; universal serial bus (USB) 2.0 ports for data transfer; and an RJ-45 jack for Ethernet connectivity with a wired or Wi-Fi network. Inside the computer, each motherboard has dual in-line memory module (DIMM) slots for the PC's system memory, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots for expansion cards such as GPUs and sound cards, as well as Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interfaces for the hard drive.

Tags: AMD-based boards, boards usually, chipsets from, components motherboard, Core which, CPUs from

Tell If Your Graphics Card Is Bad

The video card in your computer is one of its most important components. The card controls all the video processed from your motherboard to your monitor. All the graphics you see on the computer monitor from the basic desktop to the graphics in the games you play rely on the video card to work. Without a working video card, your computer is essentially useless. Computers cannot show you anything unless the data sent to your monitor via your video card can make it to the monitor.

Instructions

1. Turn on your computer. If your computer does not even turn on there could be a multitude of problems with your computer, of which the video card is only one. You can try replacing your video card at this point but it could be several other problems such as your motherboard, memory, power supply or even your hard drive. If you replace your video card and the computer still will not turn on then you will have to replace other parts of your computer to get it to work.

2. Check your screen. If it stays black but the computer powers up, then it could be a problem with your monitor or your video card. Follow the next step if your monitor shows a white screen or lines on the screen when you start up as well. If the computer starts up then skip the next two steps.

3. Shut down your computer and try plugging it in to a different monitor. Start the computer again. If it starts just fine then you will need to replace your monitor. If it starts but the screen stays blank, try replacing the video card at this point. If the computer still shows a white screen or lines, follow the next step.

4. Turn off your computer. Open your computer case. Remove the video card and unplug it from the board. Plug the video card and close your case. Restart the computer. If the computer starts up fine, the card had just come loose and is probably okay at this point. If it has the same problem, try replacing the video card. If your video card is integrated into your motherboard then you will need to replace your entire motherboard.

5. Try using your computer and see what happens. Generally if your computer starts and the video works for a period of time then it might point to some other problem. If you are running Windows, you can check your card by clicking on the Start menu. In the Run box or Search if you are using Vista, type dxdiag. Choose the "Display" tab. If your card is working fine, it will say so in the dialog box; if there is a problem with the video card, it will list the problem.

Tags: video card, your computer, your video card, your monitor, your video

Tell If Your Pc Is 32 Or 64 Bit

Find out if your computer is running in 32- or 64-bit mode.

The processor is the hardware component at the center of a modern computer. The processor fetches data from memory and copies it back into memory after having performed computations on it. In the current consumer market, there are processors that can operate on pieces of data that are up to 32 bits in size; more modern processors can operate on 64 bits at a time. The number of bits is an unchangeable characteristic of a given processor, encoded in its circuitry. 64-bit processors can run 32- or 64-bit operating systems (thanks to backwards-compatibility built into their instruction sets), but 32-bit processors can only run 32-bit operating systems. You can easily determine whether your processor and your operating system are running in 32- or 64-bit mode.

Instructions

1. Click "Start," then click "Run." A Run window will come up. Type "msinfo32.exe" into the Run window, then press "Enter." A System Information window will come up.

2. Click "System Summary," then search for the line corresponding to the version of Microsoft Windows installed on the computer. If it contains the indicator "x86," then you are running 32-bit Windows. If it contains the indicator "x64," you are running 64-bit Windows.

3. Click "Hardware Resources," then search for the line corresponding to the processor ("CPU") in the system. If it contains the indicator "x64," you have a 64-bit processor. If it contains the indicator "x86," you have a 32-bit processor that can only run 32-bit software.

Tags: contains indicator, running 64-bit, 64-bit mode, contains indicator have, indicator have

Things You Can Do With An Old Laptop Motherboard

There are many uses for a laptop motherboard.

If you're like most computer geeks, chances are good you have a bunch of spare computer parts laying around. These components may have cost you quite a bit of money some time ago and are now obsolete, or maybe you got them for free and would hate to throw them in the trash bin. Regardless of how you acquired them, you probably want to do something with them. One useful part in particular is a laptop motherboard. If you happen to have one in your parts stash, you'll be amazed by what you can do with it.

Sell It

This may seem obvious, but many people simply do not realize how much their old computer parts are worth. This is especially true for old laptop motherboards, which can be quite valuable because notebook components are often hard to find. You could earn a fair bit of cash by selling your old motherboard on an online auction site or to a computer repair shop.

Spare Parts

Many motherboard components can be scrapped and reused.

Chop shops aren't just for cars. If you enjoy tinkering with electronics, a motherboard contains a wealth of small parts that can be used for other projects. This includes capacitors and heat sinks.

Key Chain or Clock

One common past time in the computer world is to make key chains out of old computer parts, particular processors. Why not turn your motherboard into a decorative piece? Of course, you will probably want to cut it into smaller pieces first. Some hobbyists also use motherboards as bases for clocks. These tech-inspired pieces add unique flair to any office or bedroom.

Recycle

Many programs now exist that will recycle old computer parts.

If you can't find a use for your old laptop motherboard, the last thing you should do is throw it away. Computer components contain many compounds harmful to the environment, including lead and mercury. Why not cut Mother Earth a break and recycle the motherboard?

Tags: computer parts, laptop motherboard, probably want, your motherboard

Test Ram On Your Computer

Testing of RAM (Random Access Memory) allows you to know the exact space available in your computer and the need for memory upgrades. It is necessary to test it on a regular basis if you install new applications frequently. Here is test RAM in your computer.

Instructions

Windows OS

1. Start your computer. Wait for Windows to load.

2. Right Click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties.' Doing so will open up 'Systems Properties.'

3. Click on the 'General' tab. Here you can view the physical memory installed on your computer. The amount indicated is the total RAM installed on your computer. RAM is measured in MB and GB and is in the multiples of 2, such as 32 MB, 64 MB or 128 MB in older versions of PCs. Newer PCs are usually equipped with 256 MB, 512 MB or 2 GB and so on of RAM.

4. Check the usage. To know the amount of RAM in use, open the taskbar or press Ctrl + Alt + Del to open a pop up window. Click on 'Task Manager.' Click on the 'Performance' tab. You can test the memory currently used by each program running on your PC.

5. Download the free memory testing software memtest 86+ from Microsoft (see link below). It runs on most of the configurations. You need to download the diagnostic and read the details.

6. Test the RAM with this software in the first phase that will take less than 30 minutes.

7. Reboot your computer with the disk or CD-ROM on which you installed Windows Memory Diagnostic. You will view the interface and the first test pass will be conducted. This will be followed by a second test until you exit. It will identify if there is a hardware problem of RAM or the motherboard.

Macintosh OS X

8. Start your computer and wait for Mac OS X to load.

9. Choose 'About this Mac' from the menu located on top left corner of the screen.

10. Open 'Activity Monitor' from the Utilities folder.

11. Click on the System Memory button located at the bottom of the window. You will know the amount of RAM installed and the current usage.

12. Note that RAM testing in Mac is not very common as the system is comparatively safe.

13. Use the software memtest 86+. Download the free memory testing software memtest 86+ from Microsoft (see link below). It runs on most of the configurations. You need to download the diagnostic and read the details.

14. Testing the RAM with this software in the first phase that will take less than 30 minutes.

15. Reboot your computer with the disk or CD-ROM on which you installed Windows Memory Diagnostic. You will view the interface and the first test pass will be conducted. This will be followed by a second test until you exit. It will identify if there is hardware problem of RAM or the motherboard.

16. Use the 'Rember' test if you are using a lot of graphics. This is more of an auto-run test after you launch it. In a few minutes you can view the results in the Rember Log screen.

Tags: your computer, software memtest, below runs, below runs most, CD-ROM which

What Is Dual Channel Ddr Ram

Dual channel DDR (Double Data Rate) memory is a technology that doubles communication speed between RAM and the memory controller (north bridge). It eliminates or reduces a potential memory performance bottleneck that occurs if CPU bus speed is greater than memory speed.

Function

Dual channel technology expands memory controller bus width from 64-bit to 128-bit by adding the second parallel channel.

Considerations

To enable the dual channel technology, matched (identical) memory modules must be added and installed in pairs in similarly colored sockets on a motherboard.

Warning

MSI is the only motherboard manufacturer that does not follow any color coding of memory sockets. One socket must be left empty between two modules to allow the dual channel mode.

Misconceptions

Dual channel RAM boosts the performance by 100 percent only theoretically. Practically, this boost translates into a much smaller enhancement in the system performance, since neither the memory controller nor the CPU communicate with memory modules 100 percent of the time.

Performance

Popular 3D benchmarks Quake3 Arena and 3D Mark show an approximate 15 percent gain in system performance attribute when going from single to dual channel RAM.

Tags: memory controller, channel technology, Dual channel, memory modules, system performance

What Are Motherboard Drivers

The motherboard is also known as the main board.

The motherboard is a printed circuit board that serves as the backbone of a computer. It holds the processor, manages data flow, and controls input and output to peripherals such as hard drives, video cards, sound cards, and network adapters.

Driver Overview

Drivers are small software programs that control a hardware device. Motherboard drivers allow the system to communicate with the various hardware components while the computer is running. Each motherboard driver is specific to the motherboard and chipset it runs. Drivers are loaded by the operating system when the computer starts. They are provided on a CD that ships with the motherboard.

Northbridge Driver

The Northbridge chipset driver controls the core functions of the motherboard, including the processor, memory and expansion slots. Northbridge chipsets are manufactured by Nvidia, AMD, Intel and others.

Southbridge Driver

The Southbridge chipset driver controls peripheral functions of the motherboard such as disk drive controllers, USB controllers and integrated audio. The Southbridge driver is usually combined with the Northbridge driver because both normally come from the same manufacturer and they work together.

Additional Motherboard Drivers

Depending on the peripherals installed on the motherboard, you may need to install additional drivers for things like integrated video. These will be provided on your motherboard driver CD or with hardware upgrades that you subsequently purchase and install.

Tags: chipset driver, chipset driver controls, driver controls, functions motherboard, motherboard driver, Motherboard Drivers

Roland Vs1680 Instructions

Roland's line of VS recorders proves to be a formidable step forward in home and project studio recording. Sized and priced for a variety of needs and budgets, the VS-1680 is placed toward the high end of the product line. Packing 16 tracks into a compact tabletop unit, the VS-1680 offers expandable effects options, a 320-pixel-by-240-pixel backlit LCD display and several options for recording to hard drive. With 16 virtual tracks for each real track, the VS-1680 was among the first digital audio workstations to give big track counts, foreshadowing the VS-2480, with 24-track capability.

Instructions

1. Open a new song file by pressing the "Play" button under the display, then pressing and holding the "Shift" button while also pressing the "F1 (Song)" button to open the song menu. Select the song setup parameters you desire for your project.

2. Connect a microphone or other audio input source via the channel inputs on the back panel. Set input sensitivity by pressing the "Play" button. Press and hold the "Status" button of any track while also pressing "Clear." Press "F2 (LM In)" to display the input level meters. Press the "Fader" button so that the "In" indicator is lit.

3. Set input levels. First, turn the "Monitor" knob to the "0" position. Raise the channel faders on the channels being used to the "0" position. Raise the master fader to the "0" position. While singing or playing into the mic or audio input, slowly raise the "Input" knob for the tracks being used. Set the signal as high as possible without lighting the peak indicator.

4. Arm the VS-1680 for recording by pressing and holding the "Rec" button while also pressing the "Status" button on any tracks being recorded. Press "Rec" again so the record indicator flashes. Press "Play" to start recording your performance. Press "Stop" when finished.

5. Record additional tracks in similar fashion until you have all tracks for your finished song. Use the VS-1680 to mix those tracks to a stereo master. Depending on how your VS-1680 is equipped, you may have several options for both processing and destination of the finished mix. Refer to the documentation for your specific version.

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Msi K9a2 Overclock Memory Methods

Overclocking can improve hardware component performance.

Overclocking refers to increasing the performance of computer hardware without replacing the actual components. The MSI K9A2 motherboard comes with an AMD Athlon 64 X2 5000+ processor. AMD processors are widely known for their overclocking abilities. The MSI K9A2 motherboard can be overclocked in a number of ways.

Accessing System BIOS

The primary step in overclocking a computer system is accessing the computer's BIOS or basic input output system. The BIOS is the underlying foundation of the computer system that functions below the operating system, such as Windows. For most computers, the BIOS can be accessed by pressing"F2" or "DEL" during startup. The exact key needed depends upon the computer's manufacturer, and is usually displayed on the screen at some point during the boot-up process. Microstar (MSI) motherboards include a Cell Menu on the BIOS that allows users to tweak many aspects of the hardware.

FSB Speed

There are several options a user can change from within the system BIOS. The front side bus or FSB is the cable connecting the CPU and memory to other internal components. The CPU (processor) speed is equal to the FSB speed times the CPU multiplier speed. FSB speed can be adjusted up or down by increments of 1 MHz. The starting FSB speed for the MSI K9A2 board is 300 MHz. The maximum FSB for this board is 600 MHz. Additional cooling equipment would be required to meet the maximum speed. According to PC Stats, the MSI K9A2 motherboard FSB can be safely increased to 360 MHz without additional hardware. Increasing the FSB speed allows the memory to perform faster.

CPU Multiplier

The CPU multiplier or FSB to Memory Ratio can also be adjusted up or down to increase CPU speed. The multiplier for the MSI K9A2 system board can be set up to 8x. Depending upon other changes made, this maximum may not be feasible for an individual computer system. Increasing CPU speed increases the potential speed of the memory.

Memory Settings

There are many memory timing features that can be modified to improve performance under the Advance DRAM Configuration options. These include CAS latency speeds and RAS settings.

Voltage Settings

CPU, memory, and chipset voltages can also be altered to enhance performance. Increases in CPU multiplier and FSB speeds may require adjustments in the allowed voltage. This is due to the need for additional power by these components.

Free Software Utilities

There are many free utilities available to manage overclocking. One such program is SetFSB. This program can be used to overclock all aspects of the computer system whilen running Windows Operating Systems. ClockGen is another free software application that allows for overclocking of processor, memory, AGP and PCI cards. SysTool is also a free software program that can manage overclocking of computer components safely.

Tags: computer system, K9A2 motherboard, adjusted down, free software, Increasing speed, manage overclocking, overclocking computer

Specifications Of An Ecs K7som+

The K7SOM+ is a motherboard manufactured by ECS EliteGroup. This motherboard is no longer in production and represents motherboard technology that's several generations out of date. It lacks many of the features found on more modern boards. Being a Micro-ATX board, it offers little in the way of expansion, with a number of integrated hardware components.

CPU and Chipset

The K7SOM+ motherboard uses an AMD Duron CPU that comes pre-installed with a heatsink/fan unit. This CPU conforms to the AMD Socket A 462 form factor. It has a Front Side Bus of 266/200 megahertz. The motherboard has both a northbridge and southbridge, which control motherboard input and output. The northbridge operates using the SiS 740 chip set and the southbridge operates using the SiS 962L chip set.

Graphics, Memory and Audio

The K7SOM+ motherboard provides you with an integrated SiS Real256 2-D/3-D graphics adapter. This adapter, being integrated, shares its memory with the rest of the system. In total, it uses up to 64MB of available memory. The K7SOM+ doesn't have an expansion slot for an external graphics adapter. For the memory itself, the K7SOM+ supports up to 2GB of DDR memory. RAM sticks can be installed into one or both of its two 184-pin DIMM sockets. The motherboard provides audio support with the C-Media CMI9738 four-channel audio codec and is compliant with the AC'97 2.2 specifications.

Storage and Expansion

The K7SOM+ motherboard offers you the ability to connect up to four Ultra DMA 133/100/66 IDE drives, through support by the SiS 962L South Bridge. Due to its age, it doesn't offer support for newer storage formats such as SCSI, SATA or RAID. For expansion, you may use the motherboard's two PCI slots and its one CNR slot.

Connectors

The K7SOM+ motherboard's rear panel input/output consists of one PS/2 keyboard and one PS/2 mouse connector, four USB ports, one RJ45 LAN connector using a VIA VT6103 10/100 Fast Ethernet PHY, one VGA port, one parallel port, one serial port, and one audio port with line-in, line-out and mic-in ports. Its internal input/output connectors and headers include one 20-pin ATX power connector, one FDD connector, two IDE connectors, one speaker header, one IrDA header, one USB card reader header, one USB 2.0 header support connector, one front panel switch and LED header, one front panel audio header, 1 CD-in header and CPU Fan and SYS Fan connectors.

BIOS and Form Factor

The motherboard uses an Award BIOS with a 2MB Flash ROM. This in turn supports Plug and Play 1.0A, APM 1.2, Multi Boot and DMI as well as ACPI revision 1.0. The K7SOM+ follows the Micro-ATX form factor, measuring 244 mm by 190 mm.

Tags: K7SOM motherboard, input output, form factor, front panel, graphics adapter, motherboard provides, motherboard uses

Update Pc Drivers

Many PC add-ons such as graphics cards, sound cards, monitors, drives and more utilize drivers to operate appropriately with Windows. These drivers need to be updated periodically to keep them current with changes in Windows, such as updates and new service packs. Despite the fact that you may not know what a driver really is or does, you too can update your own drivers periodically by following a few simple steps. This process does require an active Internet connection.

Instructions

1. Open your Start Menu by clicking the icon in the lower left of your screen. Do not have any programs open when you do this. It will eliminate clutter and make it easier to find what you need.

2. Right click on "My Computer" in your Start Menu. (Vista users should right click on "Computer" and select "Properties" from the pop-up menu.)

3. Find the Hardware tab and click "Device Manager." (Vista users should click "Device Manager" in the left hand menu from the Properties window. You do not need to click a tab first. Click "Continue" when prompted.)

4. Select the type of item you would like to find an updated driver for. For example, if you select "Display Adapters," it will expand and show all display adapters for your PC. If you are checking for updates on all of your devices, start at the top and work your way down.

5. Right click on the specific device you want to update drivers for on your PC. Select "Update Driver" from the pop-up menu. This opens the Hardware Update Wizard.

6. Select the button next to "Yes, this time only" to allow the wizard to connect to the Internet and search for an updated driver for your device. Click "Next".

7. Leave the selection set on "Install the software automatically" (If this is not selected, switch the selection to it). Click "Next." The wizard will now search for new drivers and install them automatically if it finds any. If your device is up to date, it will tell you it was unable to find a better driver for your device.

8. Click "Finish." Repeat Step 4 through Step 7 for each device in each expanded selection to update all drivers on your PC.

Tags: your device, click Computer, click Device, click Device Manager, Click Next

Reasons My Vizio Tv Has Power But No Picture Or Sound

Television malfunctions can be a major cause of frustration. Reasonable prices make Vizio televisions a great value, but there is a risk of problems down the line. Some Vizio HDTVs have a problem with the television having power but providing no picture or sound. It's important to figure out what is wrong before you make a decision on a costly repair.

Power Supply

According to ConsumerAffairs.com, the power supply is a frequent source of audio and video problems. These problems often are caused by overheating of the power supply. Generally, when the power supply overheats you will hear a loud pop noise as the television loses its picture and sound. This noise occurs when a capacitor is blown. Often when the power supply breaks, the power button will not work and the television will need to be plugged or unplugged to turn the power on or off. There is a slight positive aspect to a power-supply malfunction: When it overheats and stops working, it prevents further damage from other components overheating.

Motherboard

If there was no pop sound as the TV stopped working, the problem could be the motherboard. One way to check for a motherboard problem is to look through the vents in the back of the television and see if the backlight is still working. If the backlight is off, there is a different cause; but if the backlight is on, the motherboard could be the problem. Fixing a blown motherboard can be difficult, because it may not have black marks or other signs of burning to identify broken parts. On the bright side, you may not have to replace the whole motherboard. The solution may be as simple and inexpensive as replacing a single fuse, according to 20InchLCDTVs.com.

Backlight Inverter Board

If you look inside the television through the vents and see that the backlight is not working, the problem could be a broken backlight inverter board. Tech writer Steve DiRaddo says the backlight inverter board is used to project video onto the screen. If this is your issue, the board will need to be replaced.

Repairs

Do not attempt to repair the television yourself unless you have extensive experience with electronics, as a mistake could cause further damage. Shop around for places to repair the TV. Some places take advantage of customers who don't realize the fix is not nearly as expensive as the price they charge. Before taking the television to a repair shop, contact Vizio or the store that sold the TV, and see if any warranties will cover the repair. According to HDGuru.com, Vizio has expanded warranty coverage, and will pay for the costs of shipping the TV to be fixed.

Tags: power supply, backlight inverter, backlight inverter board, further damage, inverter board, picture sound

Uses For A Sound Card

A dedicated sound card provides your computer with a wide range of extra features. Almost all computers and motherboards on the market today provide on-board sound, which is perfectly adequate for the majority of users. However, enthusiasts of realistic gaming, music and video will benefit considerably from using a dedicated sound card.

Improved Sound Quality

Dedicated sound cards typically provide much-improved audio quality. Newer on-board sound chips also provide high-definition sound in most cases, but the quality rarely compares to even the more basic dedicated sound cards. The improvement is quite noticeable, though to casual users, it is often not significant enough to warrant paying for an expensive upgrade.

More Connectivity Options

Dedicated sound cards provide more connectivity options than their on-board counterparts. On-board sound on modern computers normally provides analogue connectivity for 5.1 or even 7.1 surround-sound speakers. A dedicated sound card, by contrast, often provides a digital output, a separate microphone port and various other audio output ports. Some of the more advanced sound cards also provide a front panel input/output bay with extra ports for various purposes.

Improved Gaming and Multimedia Experience

A dedicated sound card often will help get the most out of the latest video games. Many video games have immersive audio, which you can only truly appreciate with a sound card that supports EAX and environmental audio. A sound card combined with a high-quality set of 5.1 or 7.1 speakers can really place you in the center of the action in both movies and games. Some sound cards also provide DTS and Dolby Digital hardware decoding, enhancing the audio of DVD and Blu-ray movies.

Improved Performance

A dedicated sound card takes a considerable amount of load off your computer's processor. With on-board sound, much of the audio processing is done by the CPU whereas, with a dedicated sound card, this will be handled separately. Some sound cards also provide their own memory for audio use, which can slightly improve performance as well.

Tags: sound card, dedicated sound card, sound cards, dedicated sound, also provide

Information On The Asus M2n4 Motherboard

The Asus M2N4-SLI motherboard can serve as the central component of a desktop computer. It can be used with 64-bit processors, as well as two graphics cards, and features other built-in components.

Processor

This motherboard supports certain AMD processors. It uses the AM2 socket, and can work with the single-core Athlon 64 and Sempron processors, as well as the dual-core Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX processors. It is not compatible with AM3 socket processors.

Graphics

The ASUS M2N4 is an SLI-compatible motherboard. It can accept two graphics cards based on Nvidia chipsets, as long as they are SLI compatible.

Memory

The motherboard can accept up to eight gigabytes of random access memory (RAM). It accepts memory chips adhering to the DDR2 memory standard. It features a dual channel memory architecture.

Expansion

This motherboard can be used with hard drives and optical drives that connect via either the IDE or Serial ATA interfaces. It can accept two PCI Express x16 cards, two PCI Express x1 cards and two PCI cards. It can support up to 10 USB ports. The ASUS M2N4 also includes a Gigabit Ethernet port.

Availability

The Asus M2N4-SLI motherboard was first released in 2006. As of February 2010, it has been discontinued, according to CNET.com. The motherboard's availability through retailers may be limited.

Tags: ASUS M2N4, Asus M2N4-SLI, Asus M2N4-SLI motherboard, Express cards, graphics cards

Update An Asus Eee Pc 1000 Bios 803

Updating the Asus Eee PC 1000's basic input/output system (BIOS) to version 803 will help with battery-charging efficiency. The BIOS is a basic set of instructions that act as a starting point for the computer at startup. Before you update the BIOS, ensure that you need to perform the update, since a BIOS update failure can lead to a non-functioning computer. Check with Asus tech support if you are unsure whether you need the 803 update.

Instructions

1. Download the Eee PC 1000 BIOS update 803 from the Asus support website (see Resources).

2. Ensure the computer is running off AC power and not its battery.

3. Start the ASUS Update utility. The program is pre-installed on your Asus computer in the "Asus" program group folder. It is also included on the support CD that came with your computer. If you can't find the program, you can download it from the Asus Support website.

4. Select "Update BIOS from File" from the drop-down menu. Click "Next."

5. Click "Open" and find the BIOS file you downloaded from the website. Select it and click "Open."

6. Click "Update" to begin the BIOS update process. from this point until completion, it is very important that your computer not be interrupted. If the BIOS doesn't fully install, your computer might no longer work.

Tags: BIOS update, your computer, Asus 1000, from Asus, website Select

Ipage Vs Ipower

A website is a key business tool that allows businesses to establish a presence 24 hours a day, seven days a week. If a business does not have its own dedicated server, the business must find a hosting company capable of powering its website. iPage and iPower are two hosting companies with similar capabilities and some noticeable differences in the Web hosting services they offer.

Similarities

Both iPage and iPower offer a basic rate plan that includes the same features. These features include unlimited disk space, unlimited transfer and bandwidth, unlimited domains and unlimited MySQL databases. Both companies also offer specials throughout the year that reduce the price of the basic service. As of December 2011, iPage charges $3.50 per month and iPower $3.95 per month for the respective basic service plans. The email services included with the basic plans from iPage and iPower also include unlimited email addresses at your domain, Web mail, email forwarding, auto responders, customizable spam filters, virus checking and POP-3 compatibility.

Differences

iPage and iPower's hosting services offer different website creation options. The site builder from iPage is an extensive website creation tool full of useful features that allow you to create, market and monetize a website. iPower, on the other hand, offers a website creation tool powered by Weebly. The hosting companies also use different operating systems. iPage uses a Linux-based system, and iPower offers Unix and Windows options.

Marketing a Site

Both companies also offer tools to help market your website. iPage offers access to free Online marketing guides, Google webmaster tools, a $50 credit toward Google AdWords, a $25 credit toward Yahoo Sponsored search, $50 of Facebook Advertising, a free Yellowpages.com listing and a 60-day membership to Ratepoint Newsletter Manager. iPower, on the other hand offers the same tools as iPage plus an additional $25 credit for Google Adwords and a free Carbonite Online backup package.

Customer Service

A good hosting company will offer outstanding customer service that responds quickly to problems you may encounter with the service. iPage and iPower both offer a live support option with customer service representatives available 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Both companies also offer phone, email and online chat support. iPage also offers a money-back guarantee for hosting services. iPower does not offer a money-back guarantee.

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The Psp Green Power Flashes But It Won'T Start

Follow a few troubleshooting tips to get your PSP powered up and working again.

The Sony PSP, or PlayStation Portable, was introduced in 2004 to compete with the Nintendo DS. Sales were better than critics predicted, with an estimated 62 million PSPs sold as of 2010. If your PSP will not start up as usual, you may be able fix it by following a few simple trouleshooting tips.

Instructions

1. Plug in your PSP's power adapter to ensure that your PSP's battery is fully charged. During normal use a flashing green light indicates that the battery level is low. The power indicator light will turn orange while the battery is charging and will turn off when the charging is complete.

2. Press the "Display" button at the top of the unit to ensure that the screen's brightness setting is not the cause of the darkened screen.

3. Slide the "Power/Hold" switch up to make sure the PSP is not in "hold" mode.

4. Reset your PSP. To do this, remove the battery and wait 10 seconds before replacing it. Press and hold the two clear "L" and "R" buttons on the top corners of the unit while the system reboots into "Recovery" mode. Locate and highlight the "recovery" folder, then press "X" to reinstall the files.

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Update Gigabyte Bios With Qflash

Update Gigabyte BIOS With Qflash

The Basic Input/Output System is a set of instructions stored in a chip on a computer's motherboard. These instructions dictate how the motherboard should operate the hardware that is physically connected to it. Such instructions are not without fault, however, despite their critical nature. In such cases, the manufacturer (in this case Gigabyte) will release an updated version of the motherboard's BIOS to rectify any problems they have identified. In addition to fixing problems, BIOS updates can also expand a motherboard's ability to operate various hardware as it's released.

Instructions

1. Power on or restart your computer.

2. Press the "End" key on your keyboard to start "Q-Flash".

3. Select "Update BIOS from Drive" using the arrow keys and press "Enter".

4. Select the drive that contains the updated BIOS file and press "Enter"; you can use a floppy disk, a USB drive or your hard drive to store the file. If you haven't downloaded an updated BIOS yet, go to Gigabyte's technical support page (see Resources). Type in your motherboard's model number into the "Downloads" field and press "Enter". You should see your motherboard listed. Click "BIOS" and select the latest version to download; it's typically the topmost version listed.

5. Select the file and press "Enter".

6. Press "Enter" when the system prompts you with "Are you sure to update BIOS?" to start the update process.

7. Press any key to return to the main menu once the process is complete. Press the "Esc" key and then "Enter" to exit the "Q-Flash" utility and reboot the system.

Tags: press Enter, file press, file press Enter, Update Gigabyte, updated BIOS

Update Phoenix Bios

Update Phoenix BIOS

Updating your BIOS is sometimes necessary to fix compatibility issues with the hardware of your computer, or just to keep your machine as up-to-date as possible. Although updating BIOS is simple, you should be cautious before making the decision to upgrade--if the process goes wrong, you will likely be facing a modest bill at your local computer repair shop. While the likelihood of catastrophic failure is slight, it is still worth mentioning to prevent future headaches.

Instructions

1. Go online and download the latest BIOS revision from your motherboard manufacturer. You can find your motherboard manufacturer by looking in your computer instruction manual or by calling your computer manufacturer. Only download the BIOS from your motherboard manufacturer's site, as the BIOS revisions posted there are guaranteed to work with your system. Save the revision to either a flash drive or a 3.5-inch floppy (for older computers).

2. Run the accompanying BIOS update program if you have a newer computer that can update BIOS from within an operating system. If you are unsure, check with either your motherboard instruction manual or your computer manufacturer for the best way to update BIOS. If you can update from within the OS, simply run the designated program and follow the on-screen instructions for a painless BIOS update.

3. Reboot your computer if you are unable to update from within the OS. During the reboot, hit the required key to enter BIOS (usually "esc" or "del") as prompted by your computer during the startup messages. When in BIOS, go to the "Boot" menu and change the first boot device to the "A" drive or the 3.5-inch floppy.

4. Insert the disc containing your new BIOS into your computer and reboot the machine. It should detect the new BIOS revision during startup, prompting the beginning of the update cycle. Follow the on-screen instructions from this point on to complete the update process.

Tags: your computer, your motherboard, BIOS update, from within, motherboard manufacturer, your motherboard manufacturer, 5-inch floppy

Mini Itx Specifications

VIA Technologies -- a computer hardware manufacturer based in Taiwan -- released the first Mini-ITX motherboard to the public in 2002. The motherboard was at one point the smallest motherboard form factor available, but lost its title to the Nano-ITX in 2005.

Motherboards designed with a Mini-ITX form factor specification are often used in home theater systems and small form factor (SFF) computers due to their small size.

Measurements

The Mini-ITX can measure up to a maximum of 6.7 inches by 6.7 inches (or 17 cm by 17 cm) in size. The Mini-ITX is 61 percent smaller than the leading desktop form factor -- the ATX, a full-size motherboard -- and is 33 percent smaller than even the smallest ATX variation, FlexATX.

Compatibility

Mini-ITX motherboards can fit into ATX, Micro-ATX and FlexATX cases, as the mounting holes, I/O (Input/Output) panel and expansion slot are in the same locations as ATX specifications. ATX and ITX power supplies can also work with the Mini-ITX form factor.

Components

The Mini-ITX includes two 168-pin DIMM memory slots, two ATA connectors, an integrated AGP/2x accelerated graphics chip, several I/O ports (including four USB ports, one parallel port, one serial port, one PCI slot and three audio jacks) and a processor supporting 0.15 and 0.13 Micron technology.

Voltage

Mini-ITX power supplies measure 174 mm by 73 mm by 55 mm. Mini-ITX power supplies use a 20-pin P1 cable to connect to the motherboard. The 20-pin connector feeds +3V (volts), +5V and +12V of power to the motherboard.

Tags: form factor, power supplies, Mini-ITX form, Mini-ITX form factor, Mini-ITX power, Mini-ITX power supplies

Update The Bios In A Gateway Fx 6800

A computer's BIOS is the program on its motherboard that initializes its hardware and boots the operating system, such as Windows. New BIOS versions contain bug fixes and hardware compatibility improvements. Update the BIOS in a Gateway FX 6800 to the latest version by downloading it from Gateway and using the included BIOS updating program.

Instructions

1. Open Gateway's FX 6800 BIOS Drivers and Downloads page (see Resources).

2. Click the most recent link under "BIOS Downloads" on the download page.

3. Click "Download Now" on the BIOS download page, then click "Save" in your web browser.

4. Right-click the downloaded ZIP file, then click "Extract All."

5. Open the folder containing the extracted files by double-clicking it.

6. Right-click "AFUWIN.exe," then click "Run as Administrator."

7. Close all other programs, then click "OK" to the "To ensure that no other program interferes with the BIOS update process" prompt.

8. Click "Open" at the bottom of the "AFUWIN" window.

9. Select the BIOS file. For example, select "842P181G.ROM" by clicking it, then clicking "Open."

10. Configure the BIOS update. Under "Block Options," click "Main BIOS Image" and "Boot Block." Click "Destroy CMOS Checksum" under "CMOS Options" and "Restart After Programming" under "Miscellaneous."

11. Update the BIOS and automatically restart the Gateway FX 6800 by clicking "Flash" in the "AFUWIN" window.

Tags: Gateway 6800, then click, AFUWIN window, BIOS update, download page

What Is A Silicon Wafer

A silicon wafer is the basic building block for integrated circuits--microchips--that control the functions of computers and nearly every other modern electronic device.

Silicon

Silicon is one of the most abundant elements on earth. It's a semimetallic element and it combines with oxygen to form common sand.

Semiconductivity

Silicon is a semiconductor, meaning its ability to conduct electricity lies between that of a conductor, such as copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Semiconductors' electrical properties make them perfect to use for integrated circuits.

Wafers

Microchip fabrication plants melt and refine sand to create ingots of 99.9999 percent pure silicon. These cylindrical ingots are sliced into wafers, each less than a millimeter thick.

Doping

Impurities added to wafers in a process known as "doping" help set their electrical conductivity to the proper level for their intended use.

Finishing

Once circuits and connections have been layered onto the wafer, the wafer is "diced"--cut into pieces for individual microchips.

Sizes

Silicon wafers are available in standard sizes of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 inches.

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What Is The Sis Pci Ide Controller

These white slots are PCI slots

A SiS PCI IDE controller is a peripheral card that adds additional IDE drive channels to a computer through a PCI slot. The controller is made by the company Silicon Integrated Systems (SiS).

What It Does

This is an IDE slot on a hard drive.

A SiS PCI IDE controller can be used to add more IDE channels to a computer. IDE is an antiquated type of connection that is used to connect CD-Rom drives, DVD-Rom drives, floppy disc drives and hard drives to a computer. Most computers that use IDE only support between two and four devices, because of physical and software limitations. Additionally, PCI IDE controllers can be used to add IDE connections to computers that use the SCSI connection type.

How It Connects

A SiS PCI IDE controller connects to a computer through the white-colored PCI slots on the motherboard. Most computers made before the PCI Express standard became dominant were manufactured with between two and six PCI slots.

About SiS

SiS is a Taiwanese company founded in 1987 that specializes in making computer chip sets and components. They are one of many companies that, at one point, manufactured PCI IDE controller cards.

Tags: channels computer, computer through, computers that, Most computers

Information On The 2 2 Intel Pentium Dual Processor

Modern CPUs usually need cooling fans to keep them from reaching dangerously high temperatures.

Intel made a 2.2-GHz dual core processor called the E2200. The E2200 was intended for use in desktop computers, and has a traditional Intel Pentium form factor. The sSpec number for this processor, the number printed on the processor that indicates the processor's capabilities, including core speed, voltage, cache speed and other features, is SLA8X. If your processor has that number printed on top, it is an Intel Pentium Dual Core E2200.

CPU Speed

The CPU speed of the Intel Pentium Dual Core E2200 is 2.2 GHz. This speed is the clock rate at which instructions are passed through the processor cores. With two cores, this processor can, in theory, make as many calculations as a single core processor running at 4.4 GHz. However, many other factors affect the performance of a CPU with two cores.

Bus Speed

One of the factors that affects performance in a CPU, especially a dual core CPU, is the processor's bus speed. The bus speed controls how fast instructions are transferred to the CPU from the computer's random access memory (RAM). The faster the bus speed, the faster the instructions move from memory to the CPU for processing. The bus in the Intel Pentium Dual Core E2200 is 800 MHz.

Cache Size

A second factor in dual core processor performance is the size of the cache memory on the processor. This cache memory stores instructions sent through the bus as they wait to be sent to the CPU. The larger the cache, the more instructions that can be stored in very high-speed memory for processing. The Intel E2200 has 1 MB of cache. Cache in Intel Dual Core processors is called L2 cache.

Manufacturing Technology

Manufacturing technology in CPU manufacturing is measured in the smallest size that the integrated circuit (IC) fabrication can etch on the silicon chip. The smaller the individual component, the more densely the transistors can be packed onto the same piece of silicon. The E2200 was designed using 65 nanometer (NM) technology. Many current Intel Dual Core processors are made using 45 NM technologies.

Thermal Specifications

As a CPU operates, the instructions and electricity traveling at high clock rates through the silicon generate heat. Modern CPUs generate so much heat that they frequently need a dedicated fan to cool the CPU. The Intel Pentium Dual Core E2200 is designed to have a maximum thermal transfer temperature of 73.3 degrees C.

Tags: Intel Pentium, Intel Pentium Dual, Pentium Dual, Core E2200, core processor, Dual Core E2200, Pentium Dual Core

Names Of Types Of Slots In A Motherboard

Names of Types of Slots in a Motherboard

A motherboard is the central piece of hardware inside your computer case. Its job is to provide physical connections to individual internal components and to get them communicating with one another. It also provides external connectors for devices like your keyboard, mouse and printer. On this board, a wide variety of slots has developed over the years. Your board may not have all the slots mentioned in this list, but these are the most common ones.

CPU Slot

This is the most important one, since the Central Processing Unit is like the brain of your computer. This is a flat, square slot, although some older computers have you insert the CPU like a card. The square, flat versions are generally called "ZIF" sockets, which stands for Zero Insertion Force. Instead of you pushing the device into a slot like a card, there is a lever on the side of the slot. You pull up to open it, and you press the lever down once you've placed the CPU in this slot.

RAM Slots

Your Random Access Memory goes in these slots. RAM is the temporary memory space for rapid storage and retrieval of data. Applications and media may be stored in here, which is why a program that you just closed will open much faster the second time. RAM is shaped into "sticks" of memory, and you will usually have multiple RAM slots to provide expandability.

PCI Slots

These Peripheral Component Interconnect slots were popular for sound cards and network cards, but you'll usually find those functions integrated into the motherboard's circuitry now. These days, PCI slots are popular for adding additional storage connections like SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachments), so that you can attatch more hard drives to your computer. Or you may get a PCI card that adds Wi-Fi networking or external USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports.

PCI Express

This type of slot is used mostly for video cards. When it comes to peripheral cards, PCI Express (or "PCIe") is the fastest way to communicate with the rest of the computer. You will often find PCIe video cards so large that they physically block access to nearby slots. You motherboard can have multiple PCIe slots to link multiple video cards together.

AGP Slot

The Accelerated Graphics Port slot is for the older generation of video cards. While PCI Express accommodates devices other than video cards, AGP does not. If you are in the market for a new motherboard, avoid the AGP variety if you can afford PCIe. It is a substantially slower technology.

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