Transfer From Lga To Ewr

Hailing a cab is one way to transfer between New York City airports.

New York is often called the city that never sleeps. With three airports within just a few miles and hundreds of thousands of travelers coming into and leaving out of the city every day, the nickname is not much of a mystery. LaGuardia (LGA) and the Newark Liberty (EWR) are two of NYC's major airports though Newark is located in the state of New Jersey. If your NYC travel situation involves a transfer between LaGuardia and Newark you have several ways to get from one to the other.

Instructions

1. Hail a taxi. Both the Newark and LaGuardia airports are teeming with cabs outside baggage claim areas offering passengers a ride into the city or anywhere else in the area. See the uniformed taxi cab dispatcher in the ground transportation area and ask him to find a cab. Cabs in NYC accept cash and credit card payments. As of 2011, cab fare from LaGuardia to Newark is between $63 and $67, which includes a $10 surcharge but does not include tolls. It takes roughly 60 to 90 minutes to get from LGA to EWR by cab.

2. Book a car service prior to your arrival at either airport to transport you from one airport to the other. Go to the Ground Transportation Information counter in baggage claim to hire a limo or town car upon arrival. Fares vary based on the type of vehicle you rent and the time frame for travel is 60 to 90 minutes.

3. Use public transportation to get from one airport to another. Several shuttle services such as All County Express, ETS Air Shuttle and Express Bus Service transfer passengers between LaGuardia and Newark on a daily basis and often for a much less expensive price than a cab or car service.

All County Express and ETS Air Shuttle trips cost $32 and take between 45 and 60 minutes to get you to your next airport. Express Bus Service requires a transfer onto a second bus at the Port Authority Terminal in Manhattan. The cost of your first Express bus ride is $15 and $12 for your second bus ride, with total travel time 75 to 105 minutes. Prices are current through 2011.

Tags: LaGuardia Newark, baggage claim, between LaGuardia, between LaGuardia Newark, County Express, County Express Shuttle

Update Bios On An Intel 865

Update the BIOS for your Intel 865-based computer.

The BIOS (basic input/output settings) loads every time you start your computer. This basic software tells the computer all of the parts connected and allows you to load your operating system. It can be updated like any other piece of software, often improving the computer efficiency. The Intel 865 chipset is used on a number of motherboards, including Intel desktop and laptop boards, ASUS boards and MSI boards. Each motherboard manufacturer has its own BIOS, so download the appropriate BIOS update for your motherboard model.

Instructions

1. Click the "Start" button, go to the search bar and type "msinfo32" (XP users should click "run" and type this in the run box). Note the BIOS version, which will be listed under "BIOS Version/Date" in the System Information pop-up menu.

2. Go to the manufacturer's website of the computer you bought and check for a BIOS update from the "Downloads" page. For instance, if you own an HP laptop, go to the HP downloads page and search according to the model laptop you own. The manufacturer will have updates listed under the BIOS update section of its website.

3. Click on the BIOS update and download the files to your computer.

4. Read any readme file or instructions that came with the BIOS update. You may need to have certain patches or updates installed for your computer components (such as a video card update) before you can successfully update the BIOS. Never update the BIOS without first checking to see if there are requirements, which can cause your computer to become unstable.

5. Plug the computer into a power source. You don't want the computer battery running out during the update, which can cause your computer to become unbootable.

6. Shut down all programs and double-click on the .exe BIOS update file. The executable fill will perform an automatic BIOS update and will restart your computer.

Tags: BIOS update, your computer, cause your, cause your computer, computer become, listed under

Windows 7 Processor Requirements

Computers typically have one or two CPUs for performing computations.

Windows 7 is an operating system from Microsoft that contains a number of new features not found in earlier versions. Some of the changes include an improved search tool, inclusion of the Windows Live Essentials software suite, full 64-bit support, performance improvements and support for touch screen displays. Your computer must meet a number of specifications to run Windows 7, one of the most important of which is the processor requirement. Choose the correct version of Windows 7 for your CPU configuration to get the best performance possible.

32-bit Processors

You can install 32-bit (x86) versions of Windows 7 on 32-bit processors running at 1GHz or faster. A 64-bit (x64) version of Windows 7 will not work with a 32-bit processor, however.

64-bit Processors

Computers with 64-bit processors running at a minimum of 1GHz are compatible with both 64-bit and 32-bit editions of Windows 7. Keep in mind that you must install the 64-bit version to take advantage of the benefits 64-bit CPUs provide, such as support for more RAM and CPU cores.

Multi-Core CPUs

Windows 7 is compatible with multi-core CPUs. The 32-bit version supports up to 32 processor cores, while the 64-bit edition can handle up to 256.

Multi-Processor Systems

Not all versions of Windows 7 are suitable for multi-processor systems. Although most home and business computers have only one CPU, many servers and workstations have two or more processors. Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise and Ultimate can recognize up to two individual CPUs. The more consumer-oriented Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic and Home Premium editions only support one.

If you have more CPUs than your edition of Windows 7 supports, the operating system will still work. It just won't be able to use the extra processors.

Tags: 64-bit version, compatible with, have more, operating system, processors running, processors Windows, version Windows

Upgrade A Celeron M

You can easily upgrade your Celeron M processor.

The Celeron M processor is part of Intel's large family of mobile processors. The Celeron M was first released in 1998, and it has since developed into a family of almost 60 different processors with clock speeds from 400 MHz to 2.5 GHz. Upgrading your processor will significantly boost your system's overall performance. You will need to partially dismantle your desktop computer to upgrade the Celeron M processor.

Instructions

1. Shut down your computer. Unplug the power cable from the back of the computer. Disconnect and remove all external devices from the computer.

2. Rotate the computer so the back panel is facing you. Lay the computer horizontally on its left or right side, depending on which side the side-access panel is located. Remove the retaining thumb screws fastening the side panel in place. Touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge static electricity from your body. Remove the side panel to reveal the inside of the computer.

3. Locate the processor fan assembly near the center of the motherboard. Disconnect the fan's power cable from the motherboard. Remove the Phillips-head screws fastening the fan to the motherboard. Lift the fan assembly off of the processor chip, and remove it from the computer.

4. Turn the processor's locking screw in the counterclockwise direction or lift straight up on the processor's locking lever. Lift the processor out of its socket, and remove the processor from the computer.

5. Reverse this procedure to install your new Celeron M processor.

Tags: Celeron processor, from computer, cable from, power cable, power cable from, processor locking

Registry Tweak Tips To Accelerate Windows Xp

Changing the Windows registry without knowing what you are doing can end in disaster. This is why there are so many programs that promise to increase your registry efficiency and make your computer run faster. However, you can get some of those same benefits without paying for an expensive program, and without destroying your computer, with some basic knowledge about tweak the registry. Before making any changes to your registry, you should create a registry backup, just in case anything goes wrong.

Change Menu Speed

When you press the Start button and select menu choices from within, you may notice there is a slight delay in opening those folders and program selections. You can decrease this delay, or take it away entirely, by altering one line in your registry. Open the registry editor (press Start, Run, type "regedit") and navigate to the HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\MenuShowDelay registry key. The value that will appear there is 400 (for 0.4 seconds), but you can change it to whatever you want. Be warned, setting this value to zero may make navigation next to impossible due to the speed at which the menus open, so it is better to try a value like 200 first, and see if you like the boost in speed.

Put the Kernel into RAM

If your computer has more than 256 MB of RAM available, you can try a tweak that will load the core kernel for Windows into your RAM, instead of into the swap file where it traditionally resides. This will speed up the overall performance of your system. To do this tweak, open up the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management\DisablePaging Executive. Set this value to 1, then reboot your computer.

Change NTFS Settings

For NTFS-formatted hard drives, there is a naming convention dubbed "8.3" which can significantly slow down driver performance for reading and writing operations. You can opt to disable this convention without harm, so long as you aren't using it (you would only be using it in rare cases, such as for running 16-bit programs). To disable the 8.3 naming convention, open registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem\NtfsDisable8dot3NameCreation and set the DWORD registry key to 1. Close out the registry editor and restart your computer for the changes to take effects.

Tags: your computer, your registry, CurrentControlSet Control, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE SYSTEM, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE SYSTEM CurrentControlSet

Troubleshoot Ami Bios

BIOS is a set of instructions that tell a computer start.

The AMI BIOS is the most commonly installed BIOS chip in the personal computer, as of December 2010. The AMI BIOS name may flash across your screen when your turn on your computer. When you are having a problem with the AMI BIOS, it will give you beep codes. The patterns and length of the beep codes can help you troubleshoot the problem you are having.

Instructions

1. Turn the computer on and listen for a beep code. If you hear one short beep, that means you have no problems. If you hear two short beeps, it means your computer is having memory problems. The memory in your computer may be bad or may not be configured properly. Three short beeps and four short beeps also mean you are having a problem with the memory.

2. Listen and count the beeps you hear after you turn on your computer. If you hear five short beeps, it means there is a problem with the motherboard. Re-seat the memory and then reboot the computer. If you still get five short beeps, the motherboard is probably bad. If you hear six short beeps, the chip on the motherboard that controls the keyboard is not working. Try another keyboard and if that doesn't help, re-seat the chip that controls the keyboard if it isn't soldered in. If it is soldered in, you will have to replace the motherboard. If you hear seven short beeps, it means your CPU is bad. You will have to replace the CPU or purchase a new motherboard.

3. Listen to the beeps your computer emits after you've turned it on. If you hear eight short beeps, that indicates that your video card is not working. Make sure it is seated properly. If you get the same beep code, the whole card is bad or the memory on the card is bad. You will need to install a new video card. If you hear nine short beeps, the BIOS is bad. Re-seat or replace the BIOS. Ten short beeps mean that chips associated with the CMOS more than likely need to be replaced. Replacing the motherboard is the best option. Eleven short beeps indicate a problem in the cache memory chips on the motherboard. Re-seat the chips or replace them. One long and three short beeps indicate a problem with the memory. In most cases, this is caused by a memory chip not being seated properly. If you hear one long and eight short beeps, you need to re-seat the video card.

Tags: short beeps, your computer, problem with, beeps means, hear short, short beeps means, video card

Upgrade An Emachine Processor

Replace your eMachines desktop's processor chip.

Your eMachines desktop's processor is the main chip on your motherboard responsible for carrying out the commands of computer's software. All software has specific hardware requirements. If your computer's processor does not meet those requirements, your software may run slowly, or not at all. Replacing the processor in your eMachines computer does require some disassembly. However, the disassembly is minimal compared to many desktop computers.

Instructions

1. Turn off your eMachines desktop using its operating system. Disconnect the power cable, and any external devices. Allow 10 to 20 minutes for your computer to cool down before taking it apart.

2. Position the computer tower so the back panel is facing towards you. Place the computer tower horizontally on its left side.

3. Remove the Phillips-head screws from the upper and lower right corners on the back panel. These screws secure the right access panel in place.

4. Grasp the molded grip on the side access panel, and pull it away from the computer until its internal contents are completely revealed. Remove the side panel from the computer.

5. Remove the four Phillips-head screws securing the processor fan to the center of the motherboard. Disconnect the fan's power cable from the motherboard. Lift the cooling fan assembly off of the processor chip, and out of the laptop.

6. Turn the processor chip's flat-head locking screw in the counterclockwise direction one-half turn to disconnect the processor from its socket. Lift the processor out of the socket, and out of the computer.

7. Reverse this procedure to install the new processor. Apply a thin coat of thermal grease to the new processor's surface before replacing the cooling fan assembly. If you don't, the processor will fry as soon as you power on the computer.

Tags: eMachines desktop, processor chip, access panel, assembly processor, back panel

Specs For An Emachines W3118 Cpu

Specs for an eMachines W3118 CPU

The W3118 is a home computer manufactured by eMachines. According to the manufacturers, eMachines is considered one of the most successful computer brands in the industry. The W3118 was introduced to the market in 2006 but is no longer manufactured.

CPU General Specifications

The W3118 CPU is powered by an AMD Sempron 3000+ processor containing a 512-KB L2 cache, 2 GHz and 333 MHz FSB. Moreover, it uses 2 NVIDIA nForce chipsets. It comes installed with Microsoft Windows XP Home as its operating system.

Memory and Video Card

The eMachine W3118 is equipped with standard memory of 256 MB or 512 MB (removable) and two memory slots to allow users to have a maximum memory of 2 GB. Its video card uses NVIDIA GeForce MX Graphics with 64-MB shared video memory.

Hard Drive and Optical Drive

The W3118 has an 80-GB (7200 RPM) hard drive and a 16x DVD ± RW, Multi Format Double Layer optical drive. The DVD/CD drive allows users to listen to audio CDs, watch DVDs, install programs and games and store large files onto rewritable discs.

Media Reader

Its media reader is an 8-in-1 digital media manager, which includes USB 2.0, multimedia card, memory stick PRO, Memory Stick, Micro Drive, Compact Flash, Smart Media and Secure Digital (SD).

Network and Modem

The eMachines W3118 has 10/100Mbps integrated Ethernet LAN and a modem of 56K ITU v.92-ready modem/fax.

Tags: eMachines W3118, uses NVIDIA

If Malware Corrupts The Bios What Do

Your computer's BIOS is a small program stored on a motherboard chip.

If malware corrupts your computer's BIOS, you don't have a lot you can do unless you are fairly computer savvy. You can try to clear the BIOS settings and reinstall your operating system. However, if those two solutions don't work, you may need to physically modify the computer's hardware if the motherboard will ever operate correctly again.

Clear CMOS Settings

The first line of response is for you to clear the CMOS settings. The simplest way to do this is to open the computer and remove the backup battery for five minutes. This solution will work if the malware corrupted the CMOS settings to the point where the computer could no longer boot correctly. Some motherboards let you reset the CMOS settings with a jumper on the motherboard.

Reinstall the Operating System

In some cases, reinstalling the operating will adjust system settings and resolve the problem. However, if malware damaged your BIOS to the point that you can't boot the computer, this solution will not work.

Reload/Flash BIOS

You can try to reload the BIOS by using a USB Flash Drive or a floppy disk. The motherboard's manufacturer should have the BIOS update files available for download and instructions on reload BIOS for the particular motherboard. The procedure usually involves making the floppy disk or USB drive bootable and installing the BIOS files on to the disk or drive. As of 2011, most computers don't have floppy drives anymore, so the USB flash drive option is more probable. The BIOS files are very small in size so any USB flash drive should work. You shouldn't attempt this procedure unless the computer has a reliable power source at the time. Power loss or power surges will break the motherboard while you reload the BIOS.

Replace the Motherboard

It may be financially viable to replace the motherboard instead of fixing it, especially with older hardware. If you replace the motherboard, you will have to remove all the parts that connect to the old motherboard and reattach them to the new one. If you are not familiar with the insides of a computer, you can bring the computer to a repair shop. If you decide to replace the motherboard, remember to reapply the thermal paste to the CPU. You can just connect in all of the other parts, but you need to reapply the thermal paste or else the CPU may overheat and break.

Repair the BIOS Chip

If you want to keep the existing motherboard, you can bring the computer to a repair shop and have the shop technicians replace the BIOS chip on the computer. If they can't find a replacement chip, they might do a procedure called a "Hot-Swap," in which they use a working chip to repair the broken one. These procedures require a very high level of expertise and mistakes can easily destroy hardware.

Tags: CMOS settings, reload BIOS, BIOS files, bring computer, bring computer repair, computer BIOS, computer repair

Tell If A Motherboard Is Defective

Tell if a Motherboard Is Defective

The motherboard is the backbone of your computer as it is the piece that all of the other components are connected to. If your computer will not boot up properly or power on at all the problem may potentially lie with the motherboard. Because so many other components are connected to the motherboard you will need to troubleshoot each other part first.

Instructions

1. Turn the computer off and then remove the power cable from the electrical wall outlet. Plug a power cable from a different electrical device into the outlet and power it on so that you can rule out the outlet as your problem. Connect the computer's power cable back into the outlet.

2. Power the computer back on and place your hand behind the case near the power supply. Wait a few moments to see if any air is pushed out of the power supply by the cooling fan. Replace the power supply instead of the motherboard if the fan is not working.

3. Shut down the computer again and pull out all of the cables from the back side of the case. Remove any other devices you have connected to the front ports on the computer such as a USB printer or jump drive.

4. Set down the computer so that the left side panel is facing towards you. Unlock the side panel from the computer case by removing the case screws if there are any. Twist of the thumbscrew or pull up on the metal holding latch if the computer does not use case screws.

5. Remove the screws holding any expansion cards to the case and then pull them off the motherboard. Pull out all of the cables running from the motherboard to the power supply and drive bays. Pull out the screws holding the motherboard to the case. Pull the motherboard straight up out of the case and set it down carefully on a flat non-metal surface.

6. Check to make sure that there is no physical damage to the motherboard such as bent pins or burnt transistors. Purchase a new motherboard and place it back in the case if there is any visible damage.

7. Remove the screws holding the power supply to the case and slide it out of the drive bay. Set it down near the motherboard and connect the SATA cable from the motherboard to the power supply. Connect the power cable from the power supply to a wall outlet. Plug cable from the computer's monitor into the corresponding port on the motherboard.

8. Remove the RAM modules and replace them with another set. Press down the power button on the motherboard with a screwdriver or another flat object. Wait to see if the computer loads up without error, which will indicate that the problem is with the RAM modules instead of with the motherboard.

9. Power the motherboard back off and replace the processor with a different one. Turn the motherboard back on and see if the system boots up normally, which will indicate a defective processor.

10. Turn the motherboard off and replace the video card with a different one. Power the motherboard on and see if the system boots up, which will indicate a defective video card.

11. Replace the motherboard if the system still will not boot up after all of the other components have been checked.

Tags: power supply, cable from, power cable, other components, power cable from, screws holding, which will

Pc Motherboard Diagnostics

Although motherboard issues are rare, if you are experiencing problems with your computer it may be beneficial to test you motherboard. However, most issues likely will be related to another hardware component.

Identification

One indicator that your motherboard is the source of your problems is when your computer loads straight into your BIOS setup rather than your operating system. In some instances your computer won't even start up.

Indications

If you changed your BIOS or installed any new hardware right before the problem manifested, it is unlikely your motherboard is the issue. However, if the time and date in BIOS have reverted back to the default values, your battery on the motherboard likely has died.

Solution

If your computer is causing problems, unplug and reseat all of your cable connections to the motherboard. This includes power connectors, RAM, any cards and the CPU. If the problem persists, contact the manufacturer of your motherboard.

Tags: your computer, your motherboard, your BIOS

Repair Tips For An Asus Laptop

Most computers will need some kind of repair or support over the course of their working lives. Damage due to electrical problems, impact, or extreme temperatures can present the need for component replacement, but software problems such as virus or spyware infection can also seem like a hardware issue. Take your time when performing any repairs to ensure the problem has been correctly identified.

Troubleshoot Infection Issues

Many spyware and virus infections can present symptoms that are similar to hardware failures. Download free scanners and check carefully for any unwanted programs or suspicious behavior. Remove any spyware and virus infections found and clear out the program's quarantine folders. Remove each free tool after use to avoid software conflicts between incompatible products. You can only run one antivirus at a time, so be sure to remove each one before trying another.

Troubleshoot Software Issues

Corrupt drivers or programs can also be misleading. Check for driver updates to rule out corrupt or out-dated software is causing any hardware problems. Remove any newly installed drivers or software updates that were installed immediately prior to the start of the problem. Check for compatibility issues by disabling unnecessary hardware components in the Device Manager. Software updates can also lead to issues, if the computer has recently updated its operating system, or an updated version of any program has been installed try removing those updates.

Troubleshoot Peripheral Problems

Remove any newly installed hardware such as wireless cards, printers or other peripherals. Compatibility issues between devices can cause blue screen issues, erratic behavior, and start up failures. Disconnect any peripheral cables such as USB or parallel, bent pins can cause short circuits and prevent a computer from working properly, or even starting up at all. Cable problems can also cause a computer to shut down at random. Also try removing any hardware that may have been recently installed. Keyboards, wireless devices, printers, and cameras all have the potential to cause problems due to damage or corruption within the device itself. If the new device came with software, check for newer versions of the programs. Some problems can even be solved by going back a version or two.

Troubleshoot Physical Issues

Look for damage to the outer case of the computer. Check for any loose connections or damage to items such as the keyboard or mouse, or extremely loose components. Remove any recently installed memory upgrades, or if the computer has more than one stick of memory, try it with just one, and then just the other to rule out a failed memory chip. Re-seat any cables and connectors to ensure they haven't worked loose, but be sure to wear a wrist strap to avoid any additional damage or corruption caused by static electricity.

Tags: damage corruption, newly installed, recently installed, Remove newly, Remove newly installed

What Are Good Gaming Computers

A good gaming computer is mostly defined by the performance of its hardware, but also by customer support. Whether you're buying a pre-built computer from Dell or HP, or building your own, knowing the possibilities is a must.

Price-to-Performance Ratio

AKA "bang for your buck." Unless you have a ton of money to spend, you want to get the most performance for the money you spend, while not sacrificing support options.

CPUs

The Central Processing Unit is the brain of your computer. Intel's Core i7 chips are faster, but AMD's Phenom x4 CPUs have better price-to-performance.

Motherboard

Most system builders won't let you choose your motherboard. If the option arises, Gigabyte and ASUS are popular choices, with Gigabyte offering the best bang for your buck.

Power Supply Units

Don't get a cheap PSU. PC Power & Cooling and Corsair offer PSUs that deliver steady voltages and are designed to more efficiently and quietly cool themselves.

Video Cards

You don't need more than one video card in your system unless your display screen is about 30 inches or larger. You also rarely need the fastest video card, which always comes at a steep price premium.

Tags: bang your, bang your buck, money spend, video card, your buck

Why Does My Computer'S Clock Run Slow

A dying CMOS battery on the motherboard may be the cause of your computer's lagging clock.

The clock in your computer is useful for checking time. It is also necessary for executing scheduled tasks like virus scans and backups. A slow clock could be either a software or hardware issue, and may require urgent action.

Software

The clock may be running slow because a program is drawing heavily on available memory. The memory draw might be from foreground applications that you are actively using, or from background applications loaded on start up. Reducing the number of programs running simultaneously could free up enough memory to get the clock running normally.

PC Hardware

A portion of the motherboard called the CMOS is responsible for maintaining your computer's basic system information, such as hardware settings and the time and date. The CMOS is powered by a battery that ensures these settings are not lost when the computer is detached from a power source. A low CMOS battery will cause a slow-running clock. If the battery dies, the clock and hardware settings will be lost, so you should attend to it quickly.

Apple Macintosh Hardware

Apple Macintosh computers store system information in a location called the PRAM, which functions similar to the CMOS. When the PRAM battery is low, it affects the clock's performance. Take care of a low PRAM battery as soon as possible to avoid losing system settings.

Tags: your computer, Apple Macintosh, clock running, CMOS battery, hardware settings

Update The Video Bios For The Nvidia Geforce 430

The Nvidia GeForce 430 graphics card improves the graphics on computer display screens. The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) on your GeForce card can be updated from the BIOS installer offered by Nvidia. You should update the GeForce 430's BIOS with the latest software to get the best results from your card. You don't have to be a computer programmer to install the latest BIOS on your Nvidia GeForce 430. You can do it yourself with little hassle.

Instructions

1. Go to the "Nvidia" website.

2. Click "Product Type." Click the "GeForce" option.

3. Click "Product Series," "GeForce 400 Series," "GeForce GT 430."

4. Click on the operating system and language options from the menu. Click "Search."

5. Click "Download." Choose your "Desktop" option from the download menu. Click "OK."

6. Go to your desktop and click on the downloaded icon. Wait for the installer to appear. Accept the software agreement by clicking "I Agree" on the page.

7. Click "Next," "Install." Wait for the software to install on your computer. This should take about 45 seconds. Click "Finish."

8. Click "Restart" when prompted. Wait for the system to restart with the BIOS updated.

Tags: Click Product, menu Click, Series GeForce

What Is A Primary Ide Channel

What Is a Primary IDE Channel

The most important components of a computer are the ones that allow it to "boot" or start up properly. One of these components is the primary IDE channel.

Identification

The primary IDE channel in a PC is a long 40-pin connector arranged in 20 rows of paired pins and is usually colored blue. There is usually printed text near the connector; such as "IDE-0" or "ATA-1" or the word "PRIMARY."

IDE/ATA History

IDE/ATA hard disks were introduced in 1986 as an alternative to SCSI drive technology. All SCSI adapters controled up to eight devices, which made the adapter expensive. IDE drives had most of the control circuits on the drives themselves, making the controller inexpensive and simple.

Device Assginment

Usually, a PC comes equipped with two IDE channels; one "primary" and one "secondary," making it possible to attach up to four drives. The "Primary Master" is the first drive on the primary IDE channel and usually contains the operating system, if not the whole computer system.

Misconceptions

The primary IDE channel is not always required to boot the system. Add-in cards and device interfaces (such as SATA) can also be used to boot a PC. All that is required on modern equipment is an installed operating system on a storage device and the appropriate BIOS settings to use it as the boot device.

Recommendations

The primary IDE channel typically holds a special role in a PC, not just for booting the system but for having more advanced IDE features than secondary IDE channels. It's recommended that-for PCs using more than one IDE drive-the fastest, most-advanced device should be connected to the primary channel as "master."

Tags: operating system, primary channel, primary channel, primary channel, What Primary, What Primary Channel

What Is The File Extension Sis

The SIS file extension is used with mobile phones and PDA devices.

It isn't uncommon to stumble across an unknown file type while using your computer. The SIS file type is one that is not always recognized by the average user.

Purpose

Most installers for Microsoft Windows are in the format of .exe. However, mobile devices primarily operate on the Symbian system, which gives way to the .SIS file extension. This is used to install applications on a variety of devices manufactured by Palm, Motorola and Nokia.

Opening

The easiest way to open SIS files is to transfer them to a suitable mobile device. If one is not available there are a few different programs that can be used. Palm OS Emulator can be used for both Windows and Macs. Individuals using Windows have a few additional options including UnSIS, Easy SIS Creator and Nokia PC Suite.

Additional Functionality

Another location where .SIS files may be found is through the Steam gaming software. These specific files are used to create backups of saved data and to relay which games have previously by downloaded.

Tags: file extension, file type

What Does Flash Bios Mean

The BIOS is a motherboard's firmware.

Flash BIOS is a term used to describe the process of updating a computer's motherboard. It is usually done to increase compatibility or increase the performance capabilities of a computer. While it become an easier process to perform over the years, some computer experts do not recommend novices attempt it without assistance, as it can permanently damage a computer if done using improper methods.

BIOS Definition

BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System. It is the firmware program for a computer, and comes pre-installed on all motherboards that are used for home PCs. It is the first things that loads up when a computer is turned on, checking to make sure all the components of a computer are properly running before turning over control of the computer to the operating system. The BIOS of a system can be accessed during the boot process, and is usually done to change the boot order of drives, enable/disable certain hardware components, or tweak things like computer fan speed.

Effects

All computers come installed with BIOS on their motherboards, but many times during the life cycle of a motherboard the BIOS may be updated. These updates may increase the performance capabilities of a computer, add compatibility for new devices or fix bugs that might have gone unnoticed during the initial release. BIOS updates are motherboard-specific and not universal. One BIOS update for another motherboard will not work for another. Attempting to flash the BIOS of a motherboard with the wrong BIOS can cause serious errors.

Process

The process of flashing BIOS starts by first getting the updated BIOS. These files can usually be found at the motherboard manufacturer's website. In addition to downloading the new BIOS, a person must also download a special program to flash the BIOS. Many modern motherboards can be flashed while still in Windows. Older motherboards require a user to download special tools that can only be used when booting a computer into DOS. Then special text commands must be entered for the BIOS to be uploaded to the motherboard.

Warning

If a computer's BIOS is flashed incorrectly, or if something like a power disruptions interrupts the flashing process, it can severely damage a computer-usually making it impossible to properly boot. If a BIOS flash goes wrong a user will usually have to manually open up their computer and change their motherboard's "jumpers." These small switches can be used to undo a BIOS flash and set a computer's BIOS settings back to their factory defaults.

Expert Insight

While flashing a computer's BIOS has become easier in recent years thanks to Windows tools that can complete the process, it is still something that many computer experts don't advise others do unless absolutely necessary. If a computer is working properly and does not need any BIOS upgrades to be compatible with new hardware or software, then it probably doesn't need to be upgraded at all.

Tags: computer BIOS, become easier, BIOS flash, BIOS motherboard, capabilities computer, computer experts

Upgrade An E4100 Gateway Motherboard For Windows 7

Be sure to get PC333 Desktop RAM for your computer to ensure compatibility.

Upgrading the motherboard for a Gateway E-4100 computer so that it can run Windows 7 is possible, and you won't even need to swap the motherboard out. All that does need to be done is to add random-access memory (RAM) to the motherboard. The processor that comes with the E-4100 is perfectly acceptable to use with Windows 7; however, since the computer comes only with 512 megabytes of RAM, you will need to swap out the RAM sticks and replace them with 512 MB RAM sticks so that you have the 1 gigabyte minimum required for Windows 7.

Instructions

1. Turn off your computer and unplug any cables that are connected to it.

2. Lay the computer on its right side on a table or some other flat surface where you can work on it. Touch the metal part of the case to ground yourself.

3. Open the latch on the left side of the case and lift the cover off the case. Locate the DIMM (RAM) slots on the motherboard. There are two of them. Open the levers for the two slots.

4. Pull the RAM sticks from the slots (they should come away easily). Align the first new RAM stick over the slot (it goes in only one direction). Push down until it clicks into place and the levers close on their own. Do the same for the second RAM stick.

5. Put the cover back on the case and close the latch for the cover. Plug everything back in. Your E4100 computer is now ready to work with Windows 7.

Tags: need swap, with Windows, your computer

Problems With The Usb On A Motherboard

Problems with USB on a motherboard can be resolved.

USB was invented to replace the COM ports on computers. The original USB implementation was nearly 100 times faster than the COM port. USB 2.0 was then invented to alleviate some of the shortcomings of the original USB specification, including being nearly 50 times faster and supporting device power. Like any other device, USB can experience problems as well.

Physical damage

USB is meant to service removable devices. Because of this, a USB plug that has been handled too roughly can bend the pins on the USB connector on the motherboard. Additionally, if a USB cable is pulled too much in the wrong direction, it can cause the USB connector on the motherboard to become loose or even break off the motherboard.

Electrical problems

USB is designed to carry 5 volts of power to a device, as well as data. A malfunctioning USB device can send a power surge to the motherboard, which makes the USB connection, and possibly even the entire computer, behave erratically. In the other direction, a malfunctioning USB port on a motherboard can damage a USB device by sending too much power through the cable.

Computer configuration

A computer operating system is able to configure the USB port. For example, if a proper USB driver is not in place, the USB device plugged into the motherboard may not be recognized, or it may not operate at the correct speed. Some devices, such as mice and keyboards, have general drivers installed in the operating system so that these devices are instantly recognized. Other devices, such as printers, must have software installed in the operating system for the USB devices to be fully recognized and used by the motherboard.

Tags: operating system, connector motherboard, devices such, installed operating, installed operating system, nearly times, nearly times faster

Why Do Interest Rates Vary Among Countries

Why Do Interest Rates Vary Among Countries?

There wasn't always a global economy. It used to be that oceans and vast stretches of land greatly limited interaction between distant economies, and the conditions in each would vary widely. As the world moves toward unification, the realities of individual countries have resulted in different interest rates in different areas.

Significance

Despite the fact that central banks set interest rates by decree, the rate only applies to overnight borrowing between banks and can still fluctuate widely from the target. In reality, the effective rate that people, companies and governments see is set by the market. The interest rate on Treasuries and other government debt determines the government's cost of borrowing for different periods of time. These rates then become the determinant of the rates offered by banks to consumers and businesses.

Features

Interest is the cost of borrowing money, and the interest always depends on the creditworthiness of the borrower. Ironically, those who need the money most are required to pay the highest interest, which is how the lender tries to protect itself against default. This means that different country pay different interest rates on their debts, and these rates are used as a benchmark for other commercial lending in that country and in that currency.

Function

Setting the benchmark Fed funds rate is the primary tool of U.S. monetary policy. Interest rates reflect demand for a currency---the greater the demand, the greater the cost of borrowing. Central banks use their power to set interest rates to influence demand for currency, which in turn can accelerate or decelerate an economy. Central bankers in different countries around the world have inherited different economic conditions and have different priorities moving forward, which leads them to set varying interest rates.

Effects

The fact that interest rates vary among countries creates the opportunity for arbitrage. That is, investors lend their money to countries whose rates are dropping, which means the value of their investors is increasing. They also look for macroeconomic trends to identify countries whose debt may be mispriced in the market, which would be viewed as a potential investment opportunity.

Potential

In response to the global financial meltdown of 2008, the U.S. Federal Reserve coordinated a simultaneous reduction of interest across several major countries around the world. Though rates may continue to vary in different economic regions around the globe, increased coordination appears to be the trend, and a movement toward a more unified global financial system seems inevitable. The European Union, which sets a single interest rate for a group of very different economies, is a key test of the viability of such a system.

Tags: cost borrowing, Among Countries, around world, countries around, countries around world

Update The Bios Of An Asus P4c800e Deluxe

The Asus P4C800E deluxe motherboard uses a firmware utility called the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) to make sure all of the hardware components attached to the motherboard are operational. If you connect devices to the motherboard that the BIOS can't detect, the hardware may stop working or your system could crash. To solve this problem you need to download and install the latest update to the BIOS, which can be acquired directly through Asus.

Instructions

1. Navigate to the Resources link for the Asus BIOS support page. Locate the most recent BIOS update version at the top of the page.

2. Click the download link and choose "Save As." Choose a destination folder and click "Save."

3. Scroll down and click "BIOS Utilities." Click the download link for the most recent version of the Asus BIOS update software. Choose "Save As" and select the same folder where you saved the BIOS file.

4. Right-click the BIOS file and choose "Extract here." Wait for the file to finish extracting and then repeat the process with the BIOS update software.

5. Double-click the Asus BIOS software updater file. Wait for the BIOS to finish updating and then restart your computer.

Tags: Asus BIOS, BIOS update, BIOS file, BIOS update software, Click download

Quad Core Vs Duo Core

The core of any given CPU has similarities. Specialized technologies also present themselves in processors. Single dual, triple and quad core CPUs have contrasts and common points. AMD and Intel have 64-bit quad core processors. Duo Core would only refer to Intel 32-bit two core processors. There are similarities and differences in using both.

AMD Quads

Third generation server class Opterons, desktop Phenom X4, Phenom II X4 and Athlon II X4 are all quad core. These AMD CPUs are based on K10 microarchitecture. AMD quad-core chips for mobile computers are on the horizon.

Intel Quads

The Core 2 quads for desktop computers offer CPU speeds to 3 GHz, L2 cache size to 12MB and Front side bus to 1333 MHz. This quad is also compatible with socket 775. Other quad families are the i5 and i7. Extreme i7 quads are also available. Xeon server class processors have quad CPUs also. Two outstanding innovations of Xeon quads are QPI bus and Intel Smart Cache.

Mobile Quads

Intel is now offering 10 quad processors for mobile applications. Outstanding features are 12MB of L2 cache and Intel Smart Cache to name just two of the innovations. A CPU is formed on a 45nm process. The processor is also matched for DDR3 type of RAM. The Extreme core 2 mobile quad and the i7 family has the latest technologies.

Duo Core

The Core Duo is boss of the laptop market. There are no Core Duo for desktops. It is a solid performer for 32-bit two core mobile computers. This CPU shares technologies with 64-bit Intel quads, duos and duals. For instance, you will find Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology on all the quad and duo core processors.

Common Objectives

Multi-core processing is the main area of common ground for Core Duo and quad processors. Processing multiple threads efficiently is what they do best. Efficient memory access is a common goal for servers. AMDs Opteron and Intel's Xeon CPUs can use DDR3 technology.

Differences

Core Duo's 32-bit limitation confines its options. Quad core processors run both 32 and 64-bit.

QPI is not a feature of all quad core Intels. Xeon processors support the robust 2400 MHz QPI bus.

AMD has deviated from normal business practices with its socket compatibility. AMD's processors made for AM3 socket are backwards compatible with AM2 motherboards.

Summary

Core Duo processors can be had well below $100.00. AMD has lowered the price of the Athlon II X4 to less than $100.00. AMD's Phenom II X4 and Intel's quad Q8200 are both in the $170.00 range. All prices are as of 2009.

Multi-threaded applications run better with quad core processors. Processors with two cores qualify as multi-core also. Amazingly, some games and applications are optimized for 32-bit instruction sets, so due diligence is still in order. In the final analysis, the pricing of Core Duo and quads are attractive to individuals and businesses alike.

Tags: core processors, quad core, quad core, quad core processors, 32-bit core, compatible with, Core Core

Test A Graphics Processor

Faster, more-powerful graphics cards can render images faster than others.

Computer Graphics Processing Units, also called GPUs and Graphics Cards, can be tested to compare performance against each other. The testing process is referred to as "benchmarking." There are hundreds of benchmarking programs available --- just because a GPU performs better than another on one benchmark it does not mean the results will be the same for a different benchmark. Benchmarks are often used in GPU reviews and by people who modify or "overclock" their GPUs. The following programs provide simple introductory GPU benchmarking tests.

Instructions

Test a Graphics Processor with FurMark

1. Download the newest version of FurMark from the oZone3D website.

2. Open the FurMark installer and follow the on-screen instructions.

3. Launch the FurMark program from the Windows Start Menu.

4. Click the "Benchmark Preset 720" option to start the test.

5. Allow the program to finish the minute-long test.

6. A new window will pop up, giving your GPU a score in red text. You can compare this score with other GPU cards by clicking on the "Compare Your Score" icon.

7. Repeat from step 4 choosing "Benchmark Preset: 1080" or "Benchmark (no preset)" if you want to run additional tests.

Test a Graphics Processor with ATITool

8. Download the newest version of ATITool from the TechPowerUp website.

9. Open the ATITool installer and follow the on-screen instructions. Do not install the "Driver" if the program asks you.

10. Launch the ATITool program from the Windows Start Menu.

11. Click on the "Show 3D View" button.

12. Wait for the number before "AVG" to stabilize and record it. This is your GPU's score on the test.

Test a Graphics Processor with rthdribl

13. Download the newest version of the rthdribl program from the DaioNet website.

14. Open the rthidribl archive file by double-clicking on it.

15. Double-click on the rthdribl.exe file.

16. Watch the FPS field and record the highest number you see. The highest FPS is your GPU's score on the test.

Tags: Graphics Processor, Test Graphics, Test Graphics Processor, Download newest, Download newest version, Graphics Processor with, newest version

Specification For The Emachines T5224 Motherboard

Released in 2007 with a manufacturer's suggested retail price of $579.99 and running the Microsoft Windows Vista Home Premium operating system, the eMachines T5224 is a desktop PC bundle from eMachines. This is a subsidiary of Taiwan-based computer technology company Acer Inc. that specializes in low-cost PCs. Gateway, also an Acer subsidiary, provided the T5224's motherboard, which is called the Gateway Coryville 945G.

Size, Chipset and Processor

Measuring 9.6 square inches (24.4 square centimeters), the eMachines T5224 motherboard, or Gateway Coryville 945G, uses the maximum size of the microATX -- or Micro Advanced Technology Extended -- form factor. Its 945G suffix stands for its Intel 945G chipset, which comprises the Intel 82945G graphics memory controller hub and Intel 82801GB input/output controller hub. The motherboard's Land Grid Array (LGA) 775 socket supports the Intel Pentium D 820, which has a 2.8-GHz processing speed, 800-MHz data bus speed and a 2-MB Level 2 cache (or secondary memory bank) for high-speed access to the desktop PC's most frequently used data.

System Memory

The eMachines T5224 motherboard offers two 240-pin Dual Inline Memory Module sockets, which are based on second-generation Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory architecture, or DDR2 SDRAM. The pre-installed memory is 512 MB on each DIMM socket for a combined total of 1 GB. Users, however, can expand it to 2 GB on each slot for a maximum RAM total of 4 GB. The memory access speed of the T5224 is set at 533 MHz, on a motherboard that also supports 400 MHz and 667 MHz.

Audio/Video and Expansion

Each eMachines T5224 motherboard provides a motherboard-integrated 6-channel (5.1) high-definition audio driver for its stereo audio. Video and graphics come from the Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950, which is also integrated onto the motherboard and uses up to 224 MB of RAM for video purposes. Two conventional Peripheral Component Interconnect slots, one PCI Express x1 slot and one PCI Express x16 slot are available for adding sound cards, dedicated graphics processing units or other types of expansion cards.

Connectivity

Each eMachines T5224 motherboard has an Intel 82562G Ethernet network adapter, which provides up to 100 megabits per second in data transfer, with an accompanying RJ-45 jack. Other peripheral interfaces that the motherboard offers include eight USB ports, two PS/2 ports for the computer keyboard and mouse, serial and parallel ports, four Serial Advanced Technology Attachment interfaces and one Parallel ATA Integrated Drive Electronics interface for attaching hard disk and CD/DVD drives, and a floppy disk drive connector.

Tags: eMachines T5224, eMachines T5224 motherboard, T5224 motherboard, T5224 motherboard, Advanced Technology, Coryville 945G, Each eMachines

What Is The Difference Between A Pga Socket & An Spga Socket

With the evolution of central processing units (CPUs), semiconductor manufacturers had to come up with sockets appropriate for physically and electrically connecting them to the motherboard of computer systems. For about two decades, PGA was the most popular type of integrated circuit packaging used for CPUs and their sockets, and one of its most common variants is SPGA.

PGA Description

PGA is an acronym for "Pin Grid Array." The phrase is used to describe the manner of arrangement of the CPU socket's pin holes that accommodate the pins of the processor; they are arranged in a neat, orderly, grid-like layout. PGA came into existence because CPUs were increasingly being manufactured with more pins to handle wider data and address buses, an occurrence that dual in-line packages (DIPs) were unable to accommodate. The first CPU socket to use PGA packaging is Socket 1, which semiconductor company Intel Corp. debuted in 1989.

PGA Limitations

Socket 1 was made with 169 pin holes to accommodate entries of the Intel 80486 microprocessor, which was released the same year as the socket. However, with the introduction of CPUs such as the Intel Pentium in 1993, the number of processor pins began to exceed 200 and, eventually, 300. The original PGA was beginning to appear inadequate, since manufacturers had to put in more pin holes in the same amount of space.

SPGA Introduction

Socket 5, introduced in 1993 for Intel Pentium processors, became the first CPU socket to use a variant of PGA called SPGA. The "S" stands for "staggered," which means that the pin holes are arranged in a rough, staggered layout so that more of them can be fit onto the socket. For instance, Socket 5 has 320 contacts, almost doubling the amount of Socket 1. Socket 7, which arrived in 1994 and was the second Intel socket to use SPGA packaging, added one more contact.

Current Status

At the time of publication, both PGA and SPGA are no longer in wide use. The last major CPU socket to use SPGA packaging was the 387-contact Socket 8, which came along in 1995. But even then, it only used the format on one side while relying on the traditional PGA standard on the other. By the end of the 2000s, PGA in general had been overtaken by other types of integrated circuit packaging -- most prominent of which has been Land Grid Array (LGA) -- primarily due to the ability to fit more pin contacts on the socket than ever before.

Tags: Socket which, circuit packaging, first socket, Grid Array, integrated circuit

Is Crossfire Supported On An Amd Motherboard

ATI Crossfire uses a combination of graphic cards and motherboard. The Crossfire technology requires a specific chipset on the motherboard and video card to work together. However, Crossfire is supported on several motherboards and with several video cards.

History

ATI Crossfire was introduce in 2005. When it was first introduce, the two video cards were attached by an external cable. One of the cards was a master card that controlled both cards. As technology improved, the need for a master card was removed and software was used to connect the two cards in unison. A ribbon type connector is still required for connecting cards in Crossfire mode. All connections are currently made inside the case. CrossfireX now supports the use of up to four cards simultaneously.

Significance

Crossfire has opened the doors for higher graphics capabilities in today's home computers. The gaming industry has had the most to gain from the added graphics power of two or more GPUs working together. With two or more cards working in Crossfire mode, higher 3D performance is obtained.

What's Required

AMD and Intel have chipsets that are CrossfireX compatible. When looking for a motherboard, ATI recommends one with ATI CrossfireX certification. Along with motherboards that are certified, ATI carries certified video cards.

Misconceptions

CrossfireX does not help with everything. Some games, especially older ones, don't perform as well with multiple graphic processors. In these cases, having one video card is optimal. This is becoming more rare all the time, however.

Considerations

Most new systems being built are built with only one video card. Cost is a major factor in deciding if two or more cards will be added to a new system. Often, users will add a second, third or fourth card to a system to upgrade it as prices come down. This is an ideal way to add new life to an older system.

Tags: video card, video cards, Crossfire mode, master card, more cards

Test The Cmos Battery

Computers use CMOS batteries to maintain system information.

The CMOS battery is an internal, rechargeable, computer battery for desktops and laptops that maintains computer system information such as the date and time. Just like any other type of battery, the CMOS can lose power and die over time. If you begin noticing an incorrect date or time on your computer, test the CMOS battery to determine if it needs to be replaced.

Instructions

1. Turn your computer on. Leave it on for 12 to 24 hours. When the computer is on, the CMOS battery is being recharged. Leaving the computer on for long periods of time helps ensure the battery is fully charged.

2. Access the "System Setup" program on your computer. Enter the correct date and time. Click "OK" to exit system setup.

3. Turn the computer off. If your computer is a laptop, disconnect it from the power adapter. Allow the computer to stay off for an hour.

4. Turn on the computer. Insert the power adapter into your laptop--if desired--and turn it on.

5. Look at the date and time. If the are correct, the CMOS battery is working. If they are incorrect, the CMOS battery did not work and should be replaced.

Tags: date time, your computer, CMOS battery, CMOS battery, power adapter, system information, Turn computer

Rocker Switch Installation

Rocker switches, also known as decora-style or decorator switches, operate in the same basic way as a standard toggle switches. Many people replace the toggle switches in their homes with rocker switches to enhance the overall look of a room decor. Toggle switches are the standard type used everywhere, in which the switch sticks out of the cover: Flipping the switch up turns it on and flipping it down turns it off. Rocker switches are low profile and barely protrude from the cover at all: Pressing at the top turns it on, and pressing on the bottom turns it off. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Turn on the switch you want to replace so that the light is illuminated. Turn off the breaker controlling the circuit for that switch, and verify that the light is off, indicating there is no power to the circuit.

2. Remove the cover from the existing switch by removing the two screws with a flat-head screwdriver. Remove the two screws that hold the switch at the top and bottom of the electrical box, and pull the switch out of the box. Loosen the screw holding the bare ground wire to the switch and disconnect it.

3. Loosen the two screws holding the black wires to the switch and remove the wires. If the wires are inserted into holes in the switch, hold the unit and twist clockwise, then counterclockwise until the wires come out of the holes. There is a slot alongside the holes that you can stick a small straight screwdriver into to release the wires, if they won't come out by twisting.

4. Connect the bare ground wire to the green screw on the rocker switch and tighten the screw. Connect one of the two black wires to one of the silver screws on the switch. Connect the other black wire to the remaining silver screw on the switch. It does not matter which black wire goes to which silver screw.

5. Push the bare ground wire into the back of the electrical box to make sure that it does not touch either of the silver screws when you push the switch into the box. Fasten the two screws at the top and bottom to secure the switch in the box. Install the new rocker switch cover using the flat-head screwdriver..

6. Turn on the breaker to restore power for the circuit.

Tags: bare ground, bare ground wire, ground wire, black wire, black wires

What Are Three Types Of Buses On A Motherboard

A computer motherboard has independent signal paths called buses.

A computer sends several kinds of electronic signals back and forth among its various components. For efficiency, separate paths on the motherboard called buses each carry only one kind of signal; this boosts the computer's speed and simplifies its operation. While PC motherboards have different buses for expansion cards and external devices, all computers have three fundamental buses: Control, Instruction and Address. The whole system operates through these buses.

Bus Architecture

Computers consist of several main functional units, including the central processor, memory and input/output. The central processor performs basic arithmetic and logic, memory stores programs and data, and input/output routes data to the computer's keyboard, screen and hard drive. These parts communicate with each other. Some computer designs use a single bus shared by all parts. While inexpensive, the system must manage its signals carefully, and some parts wait until others finish communicating and relinquish control of the bus. Multiple buses reduce the waiting time and keep the parts running efficiently. The layout of a computer's buses and parts is called its bus architecture.

Control Bus

The motherboard's control bus manages the activity in the system. The control bus, like the other buses, is simply a set of connections among the parts in the computer. All parts "agree to recognize" that if one connection carries a voltage and the next one does not, it means that the central processor reads from memory. If the connections reverse roles, the processor writes to memory. Other connections deal with the "chunking" of data 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits at a time. Still others determine if data is being shuttled to the central processor from memory or the keyboard. This signaling system prevents data from going to the wrong place.

Data Bus

The data bus acts as a conduit for data from the keyboard, memory and other devices. It passes information at speeds up to billions of characters per second. The central processor reads the data, performs calculations, and moves new data back to memory, the hard drive and other locations. The control bus determines which direction the data is moving.

Address Bus

The computer must be able to access every character of memory rapidly, so every character has its own address number. The central processor specifies which addresses it wants to read or write and the address bus carries this information to a memory controller circuit, which locates and fetches the information. Some locations, called random-access memory, hold program instructions and temporary calculation results. Other locations point to the hard drive, mouse and keyboard. The control bus specifies which of these two sets of addresses become active for a particular memory operation.

Tags: central processor, hard drive, called buses, central processor reads, data from

Specs Of The Intel D850emv2 P4

The Intel D850EMV2 is a motherboard that supports the Pentium 4 processor using the 478 pin socket. The board can support both 400 and 533 megahertz frequencies on the system BUS, depending on the individual specifications of the processor. The requirements for RAM, power supply, jumpers, video cards, audio and various input and output devices allow for some variation but the base specifications must be complied with for completing a PC with the Intel D850EMV2 motherboard.

Memory

Four RAM slots are present on the motherboard to allow the RAM to operate in two individually configured channels. The minimum supported memory is 128 megabytes, while the maximum is set at 2 gigabytes. Both the PC600 and PC800 speeds of RAM are compatible.

Power

The motherboard requires a 20-pin ATX main connector with an additional four-pin auxiliary power connection. The two separate connections combine to allow additional 12-volt current to reach the board, and aids in monitoring the voltage regulator for the processor.

Video

An AGP graphics card can be used for video. It operates at 1.5 volts and must be 4x. The standards are specified in the 2.0 standards for AGP cards. It is a safety hazard to use cards that do not conform to the 2.0 standards because the physical construction differs and may not fit on the board correctly. Alternatively, a PCI card may be used for video if the BIOS settings are changed for the computer to recognize the location of the card.

Audio

The Intel D850EMV2 contains integrated audio that uses the controller hub on the board and supports various analog devices. The on-board audio can be disabled through the BIOS if a separate PCI card is used instead. The AC97 audio codec creates high-definition audio on the motherboard.

Inputs/Outputs

A notable addition to the D850EMV2 is the ability to recognize faster transfer speeds on ATA devices, up to 100MB per sec. The hard drives used will need to have additional requirements such as a faster speed. The board also has Intel Application Accelerator built in, which improves the performance of the system by speeding up the load time for the operating system, speeds up data caching and allows hard drives of 137GB and beyond.

Tags: card used, Intel D850EMV2, card used video, D850EMV2 motherboard, hard drives

Tell 64 Bit

It's easy to tell whether your computer is 32 or 64-bit.

The ability of a computer to handle and process data is somewhat dependent on whether it is a 32- or 64-bit machine. Your ability to download and install some applications and install hardware components will somewhat depend on whether your computer is 32 or 64 bits. It takes a minute or two to find this information.

Instructions

Windows 7

1. Close all applications on your computer.

2. Click your "Start" button in the bottom left corner of your desktop.

3. Scroll up and right click "Computer." Scroll down and hit "Properties."

4. View the system type information that appears which will indicate whether you are on a 32- or 64-bit machine.

Windows Vista

5. Close all applications on your computer.

6. Click your "Start" button in the bottom left corner of your desktop.

7. Scroll up and click "Control Panel." Hit the "System and Maintenance" icon. Click "System."

8. View the system type information that appears which will indicate whether you are on a 32 or 64-bit machine.

Windows XP

9. Close all applications on your computer.

10. Click your "Start" button in the bottom left corner of your desktop. Click "Run" and type "winmsd.exe" and hit the "OK" button.

11. Select "System Summary." Find your processor information under the "Item" column. If the processor value starts with "x86" then it is 32-bit. If it starts with "ia64" or "AMD64" then it is a 64-it machine.

Tags: your computer, your Start button, 64-bit machine, applications your, applications your computer

What Is The Purpose Of The Computer

The purpose of the computer is to perform calculations, store information, retrieve data and process information. A computer has programmed data or computer language that tells the computer fulfill its purpose. The computer will only do what it is programmed to do. Hence, the saying: "computers do not make mistakes; people do."

Performing calculations

Computers are able to perform logical calculations such as mathematical operations. Most computers, for instance, have a built-in calculator that can be used to add, subtract, multiply and divide. Spreadsheets are accounting programs for computers that compute totals and sub-totals. Microsoft Excel is an example of a popular spreadsheet program.

Storing Data

Computers are used to store information created by the user. This data is stored in the memory of the computer. A computer will store any information in its memory that is saved by the user. You, as a computer user, designate where on the computer you want the information to be stored. Depending on your computer's settings, your computer may automatically save information to your computer every 10 or 15 minutes.

Retrieving Data

Any information that has been saved to the computer can be retrieved at a later time. In order to retrieve data, open the program it was created in, go to the File drop-down menu; then, click on the name of the file to access the information.

Processing Data

Every operation or activity done on a computer is done through the processing of data. This all starts with the keyboard. Each time you strike a key on the keyboard, the computer is processing this information. In other words, when I type a "p" on the keyboard, this signals the motherboard (the brain of the computer) that the letter p should be put on the computer screen. Likewise, when I use the arrow drawing tool, this signals the motherboard to draw an arrow on the computer screen.

Uses of the Computer

The computer has many uses. It was one of the most instrumental devices in making Internet use possible. A computer can be used for word processing, graphic design, gaming, teaching, bookkeeping, organizing, as well as surfing the Internet. In recent years, computers have been used to watch DVDs, play CDs, create recordings, compose music, download and organize pictures, as well as fax information. The list goes on.

Tags: store information, your computer, computer screen, computer will, retrieve data

Reset Ami Bios

The AMI BIOS (basic input/output system) is the firmware software that stores information about the computer's installed hardware and software. The BIOS along with the CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chip identifies and loads the system devices and initializes the software during the boot up process. If the BIOS settings are not configured properly, the computer will have problems during the boot up process which may cause some systems to fail to load. You can reset the AMI BIOS by removing the BIOS battery from the computer's motherboard and replacing it.

Instructions

1. Turn off the computer and remove any peripherals attached to it. Disconnect the power cord from the electrical outlet.

2. Remove the computer case to expose the electrical components. The case is usually connected with tabs or screws.

3. Locate the computer's motherboard. The BIOS battery is attached to the motherboard. It is usually silver colored, circular and flat.

4. Grip the battery on both sides and pull it out of the socket in the motherboard. If the socket is too deep to use your fingers, use a flat-head screwdriver to gently pry it from the socket.

5. Push the BIOS battery back into the socket of the motherboard. Replace the computer case and reconnect any peripherals. Plug the power cord back into the electrical outlet and turn on the computer. The computer will start and the AMI BIOS settings will be reset.

Tags: BIOS battery, back into, BIOS settings, boot process, computer case

Upgrade A Compaq Sr1103wm Motherboard

Your motherboard helps your computer's components communicate with each other.

Your Compaq SR1103WM desktop computer holds a MS-6577 motherboard with a socket number of 478. If you want to upgrade your motherboard, but keep the same processor, you must get another socket 478 motherboard. This will ensure that the processor fits the same specification. If you don't mind using another processor and cooling unit, any ATX or MicroATX motherboard fits this model.

Instructions

1. Turn your computer around with the rear facing you and remove all the cables connected to it.

2. Remove the screws from the right edge of the rear. Pull back on the cover while lifting it off.

3. Remove the cables connected to your motherboard. Remember where they were connected, so you know where to connect them on your new board.

4. Remove the screws on the motherboard that hold it to the computer, and lift the motherboard off. You may reuse these screws if you wish for your new motherboard. Pop out the faceplate from the back of the computer. Press in the new motherboard's faceplate where all devices connect, until you hear a clicking sound.

5. Raise your new motherboard's processor socket lever. Put your processor on the motherboard's processor socket, aligning the small golden arrow with the raised plastic arrow on the motherboard socket and lower the lever.

6. Place a small beaded drop of thermal paste on the center of your processor's surface and spread the paste around until the paste completely covers the surface. Situate the fan on top of your processor and clip it on tightly.

7. Mount your motherboard in the computer's interior and align it with the mounting screw holes. Place one screw inside each hole you see. Connect all your motherboard's cables as they were in the old one.

8. Re-assemble your computer exterior and start it up.

Tags: your motherboard, your computer, your processor, cables connected, motherboard faceplate, motherboard processor

Trouble Installing My P5nmx Nvidia Ethernet Adapter

The ethernet adapter on the P5N-MX allows for broadband access to the Internet.

The ASUS P5N-MX motherboard, designed to support Intel Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Pentium 4 and other Intel CPUs with a LGA775 socket, is built on the nVidia nForce 610i chipset and includes many nVidia components, including an nVidia Ethernet Adapter. This allows you to connect to the Internet via a broadband connection. When installing this motherboard, you may have issues installing the drivers to activate this part of the board. There is a workaround that you can do, which is relatively quick and easy to complete.

Instructions

1. Connect your USB Storage Drive to a secondary PC that has Internet access.

2. Download the Ethernet Drivers for the P5N-MX motherboard from nVidia's website. When selecting the drivers, be sure that you have "nForce" as the product type, "nForce 6" as the product series and "nForce 610i/GeForce 7050" as the product itself. From here, select your operating system and click "Search."

3. Open your "My Computer" screen and double-click on the USB Storage Drive to open it in a new window. Now open your "My Documents" window and locate the .exe file you have downloaded. Once found, click and drag it to the window for your USB Drive to copy the file.

4. Unplug the USB drive from the secondary computer and plug it into the PC that you're attempting to activate the nVidia Ethernet Adapter for.

5. Open your "My Computer" window and double-click the USB Storage Device icon to open the corresponding window. From here, click and drag the .exe file to your desktop.

6. Double-click the .exe file and follow the on-screen instructions to install the drivers. From here, restart your PC to complete the process and gain access to the Internet.

Tags: From here, access Internet, click drag, double-click Storage, Ethernet Adapter

Optiplex Gx150 Pentium 3 Motherboard Specifications

Motherboards are also referred to as system boards or main boards.

The OptiPlex GX150 was a desktop computer released by Dell in 2001. The motherboard that came standard with this model was the 38HRF, also manufactured by Dell. The 38HRF is no longer manufactured or sold by Dell, but is available for purchase from several web vendors.

Processor

The 38HRF was compatible with both Intel Pentium and Celeron processors. The socket type for the system board was PGA370. The Pentium III for this model had a level one internal cache of 32 kilobytes, which included a 16 KB data cache and 16 KB instruction cache. The level two integrated cache for the Pentium III Processor compatible with this motherboard was 256 KB. The Pentium III had an internal math coprocessor. The chipset for this model was Intel 815E.

Memory

The 38HRF had two sockets for DIMMs (dual inline memory modules). This motherboard was compatible with PC-133 SDRAM. Capacities supported by this system board were 64 megabytes, 128 MB, and 256 MB. The maximum amount of random access memory that could be supported by this motherboard was 512 MB. The front side bus speed for this board was 133 megahertz.

CMOS Battery

The CMOS battery for the 38HRF was a three-volt lithium coin cell battery, number CR2032. CMOS batteries are responsible for powering the system clock.

Form Factor

The 38HRF system board was intended for small desktop computers.

Ports/Interfaces

The 38HRF motherboard's input/output ports included two PCI expansion card slots, one AC adapter port, two ports for keyboard and mouse, a parallel port, one VGA monitor port, one network adapter, one microphone jack, one audio line-in port, one audio line-out port, two USB ports, one serial 1 port, and one serial 2 port.

Drive Bays

The 38HRF could support one 3.5-inch floppy disk drive, one enhanced integrated drive electronics hard drive (1-inch drive), and one 5.25-inch optical drive.

Video

The 38HRF system board had embeded Intel Dynamic Video Memory Technology (DVMT). The graphics memory was dynamically shared with system memory. The 38HRF could support an optional display cache of 4 MB 133 MHz SDRAM.

Audio

The 38HRF had an integrated analog audio controller, AC97 Codec. This audio controller featured Sound Blaster emulation.

Expansion Slots

The 38HRF motherboard had two PCI card expansion slots. The motherboard supported cards with 120-pin connectors and a maximum 32-bit connector data width.

Tags: system board, compatible with, this model, 38HRF could, 38HRF could support, 38HRF motherboard, 38HRF system

Update A P6t Bios

The ASUS P6T is a computer motherboard for Intel Socket 1366 processors such as the Core i7. The Core i7 is a recent processor line, and Intel continues to release new products within this processor series. As a result, ASUS has continued to release motherboard firmware, or Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) updates, for the P6T to support the clock speed multipliers that these new processors require. If you plan to upgrade your ASUS P6T with a new processor that was not available when the motherboard was first released, it is in your best interest to update the motherboard BIOS first.

Instructions

1. Open a Web browser and navigate to the ASUS support and drivers downloads page. You can find the link in Resources below.

2. Click the "Select Product" drop-down menu, and then click "Motherboard."

3. Click the "Select Series" drop-down menu, and then click "LGA1366."

4. Click the "Select Models" drop-down menu, and then click "P6T." Click the "Search" button.

5. Select your operating system from the drop-down menu in the new window that appears, and then click the "Search" button. The page changes to display all of the downloads available for your motherboard.

6. Click "BIOS" to expand the category.

7. Click the "Global" download link under the most recent BIOS version available, shown at the top of the list (e.g. "P6T 1303 BIOS").

8. Type the characters displayed in the new window that appears, and then click the "Submit" button. A download window opens. Save the resulting file to the desktop.

9. Right-click the BIOS update file when the download is complete. For example, if you downloaded BIOS version 1303, the file name is "P6T-ASUS-1303.zip." Select "Extract" to extract the archive to a new folder and open the folder in a new window. The folder contains the file "P6T-ASUS-1303.ROM."

10. Insert the support CD included with the motherboard. When the installation screen appears, click the "Utilities" tab at the top of the window, and then click "Install ASUS Update."

11. Launch the "ASUS Update" utility from the Start menu after the installation is complete.

12. Click the drop-down menu at the bottom of the window, and select "Update BIOS from a file."

13. Locate the file "P6T-ASUS-1303.ROM" and double-click it.

14. Click the "Save" button to begin updating the BIOS for your motherboard.

Tags: then click, drop-down menu, Click Select, drop-down menu then, menu then, menu then click

What Is The Maximum Ram For An Intel P4 3 0 Processor

If you want to add more RAM to your computer, you'll need to know the maximum amount supported by your processor.

When you're ready to upgrade your computer to maximize its performance, one of the first considerations is physical memory. Physical memory or "RAM" has one of the most noticeable effects on overall performance, so knowing how much of it your system will support is crucial.

Maximum RAM for Pentium 4

The maximum amount of RAM that your Pentium 4 processor is capable of addressing is 4 GB. This number applies to all speed rated Pentium 4's, from 1.3 Ghz to 3.0 Ghz.

Limitations

While your Pentium 4 can handle up to 4 GB of physical memory, bear in mind that your chipset and motherboard may limit the maximum installable RAM to a number less than 4 GB.

Looking up your motherboard/chipset specifications

The best way to find out your system's max RAM is to use a system utility, like Everest or SiSoft S.A.N.D.R.A. to find out what your motherboard manufacturer and chipset are. Once you have this information, you can look it up on your motherboard manufacturer's website and determine the maximum amount of memory your motherboard can handle.

Tags: your motherboard, maximum amount, motherboard manufacturer, physical memory, that your

Test A Video Card For Compatibility With Directx 10

Test a Video Card for Compatibility With DirectX 10

Windows operating systems include a "DirectX" diagnostic tool that will test the highest version of "DirectX" your video card can support. Supporting a higher version means your video card can produce higher quality graphics. You can also refer to the documentation that came with the video card; it will list the highest "DirectX" version supported. Windows applications that use "DirectX" 10 (typically games) will often disable "DirectX" 10 options in their video settings if your video card doesn't support it.

Instructions

1. Press and hold the "Windows" key on your keyboard. Now press the "R" key.

2. Type "dxdiag" in the text field and then press "Enter."

3. Wait for the program to finish checking your hardware then click the "Display" tab. You will see a label called "DDI Version:" under the "Drivers" heading. The number listed is the highest version of "DirectX" your video card supports.

4. Click "Exit" once you've finished.

Tags: your video card, video card, your video, Card Compatibility, Card Compatibility With, Compatibility With, DirectX your

What Is The Power Supply For A31g Pc Chips

Desktop computers use varying types of motherboards.

Every desktop computer uses a motherboard for overall attachment of computer circuitry and processors. The motherboard, like the A31G offered by PC Chips, needs a specific type of internal power supply.

Identification

PC Chips is an online dealer that manufactures, supports and sells computer motherboards. The A31G motherboard offers support for the newer Athlon processors, as well as 8 universal serial bus (USB) ports.

Features

Only an Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) power supply will function and attach correctly to the A31G motherboard. The ATX circuitry on the A31G motherboard requires the power supply to blow air across the board with its exhaust fan, as opposed to circulating the air through the computer's framework.

Significance

Component designers, especially for main processor chips, continue to create smaller and smaller component structures. The directional exhaust air flow from the power supply across the board keeps hot components cooler than only being cooled by a basic computer cooling fan.

Tags: A31G motherboard, across board, power supply, power supply

What Is An Itx Motherboard

ITX is a series of x86-compatible motherboard form factors developed by VIA. First available in 2001, ITX boards are best-known for their small size and minimal power consumption.

Miniaturization

Beginning in 2001 with the Mini-ITX, VIA achieved a form factor of only 17 cm by 17 cm, making it smaller than standard ATX boards. The Mini-ITX was followed in 2004 by the Nano-ITX (measuring 12 cm by 12 cm) and in 2007 by the Pico-ITX (measuring 10 cm by 7.2 cm). In 2009, VIA released the Mobile-ITX, which measured 60 mm by 60 mm.

Efficiency

ITX motherboards are built around the concept of mobility and lower power consumption. ITX boards produce significantly lower levels of heat and require very little to keep them cool. Without the need for many cooling fans, computers built with ITX tend to be very quiet.

Application

Mini-ITX motherboards are fully compatible with ATX cases, so they don't require specialized parts or tools to build an ITX-based machine. ITX is frequently found inside embedded computers (computers built inside different objects), and the Mobile-ITX, being the smallest available x86 form factor, was designed to be embedded in mobile medical or military equipment.

Tags: computers built, form factor, power consumption

What Is A Pentium 4 Processor 2 66 Ghz With 256 Mg Ram

A computer's microprocessor is also known as its "brain."

The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer also is known as the computer's "brain." It is the mechanism responsible for all the calculations and operations of the system.

Pentium® 4 Microprocessor

Intel first introduced the Pentium® 4 processor in 2000. The NetBurst microarchitecture of the Pentium® 4 was intended to increase CPU performance by increasing the microprocessor speed.

CPU Speed

Clock speed is a measure of how quickly the CPU executes calculations. A Pentium® 4 2.66 GHz processor is a microprocessor with a clock speed of 2.66 GHz or 2.66 billion cycles per second. The 2.66 GHz Pentium® 4 was introduced in May 2002.

256 MB RAM

Random access memory (RAM) is the memory a computer uses to run programs, such as Windows. 256 MB (megabytes) of RAM often came installed on computers that had the Pentium® 4 processor, but had no relationship to the processor itself. The computer could have more or less RAM installed.

Tags: Pentium® processor, also known

Upgrade A Dell 4550 Processor

Dell Dimension 4550 computers use Intel Pentium 4 processors by default, but that doesn't mean that you can't change yours. Keep in mind that Dell Dimension 4550 motherboards support only socket 478 processors, meaning that you have limited choices despite the ability to change your processor. To upgrade the processor, you must learn to handle it correctly to prevent any static buildup in your body from being released into the processor.

Instructions

1. Unplug all the cables leading to your computer.

2. Open up your computer. Situate it with the back facing toward you and unscrew the screws on the edge of the right side. Pull back on the panel that the screws were on until it slides, and lift it off.

3. Lay down the computer on its side with the exposed interior facing upward. The processor sits near the top of the motherboard, under a large heatsink with a fan on the top. A heatsink is a specially designed metal object that moves heat out of the processor. This structure is known as the cooling unit.

4. Unlatch the processor's cooling unit by pressing down on one of its metal hooks and pushing it to the side with a screwdriver or your free hand. Let go and the metal hook should just spring upward.

5. Remove the cooling unit and wipe off any excess thermal grease that's stuck to the bottom metal plate.

6. Lift the lever on the processor's socket by pulling it to the side then gently pushing it up.

7. Put your fingers around the edge of the processor and gently lift it off the motherboard. Set it down on a table with the bottom facing up.

8. Put the new processor in the socket with the yellow arrow on its edge aligning to the upper-right corner of the socket.

9. Press down on the processor and lower the lever next to the socket until it clicks lightly.

10. Apply a small drop of thermal grease on the processor and smoothly rub it around the surface with a clean finger until it covers the entire surface.

11. Place the cooling unit on the processor and latch it on by pressing the small metal hooks down on each of the socket's protruding plastic parts.

12. Plug the cooling unit into the motherboard on the connector near it labeled "CPU Fan."

13. Reassemble your computer and plug its cables back in. Turn it on to see how fast it goes now.

Tags: cooling unit, your computer, Dell Dimension, Dell Dimension 4550, Dimension 4550, metal hooks

What Is The Difference Between Ata & Ide Hard Drives

Parallel ATA/IDE connector interface with 40 pins

ATA and IDE synonymously refer to the ANSI standard for sending data between a storage device with integrated controller electronics and the motherboard. In wider terminology, IDE can refer to the pre-ATA-2 standards to differentiate from "Enhanced IDE."

ATA/IDE standard

T13, a committee of the INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) is responsible for the "Advanced Technology Attachment/Integrated Drive Electronics" standard.

Alternative Standards

These include Fibre Channel, Firewire IEEE 1304, USB and RAID.

Wider Terminology

ATA/IDE has seen several major enhancements, such as the introduction of the smaller serial connector as an alternative to the parallel bus. The terms "IDE," "EIDE" and "ATA" have been loosely used by manufacturers in commercial contexts to differentiate between, respectively, the pre-ATA-2, ATA-2/3 and post-ATA-2 standards.

These are the standards of ATA/IDE, and their commercial names (in parentheses). Note that ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) was developed for optical storage devices.

Parallel ATA since 1986:

pre-ANSI (IDE)

ATA-1 (ATA, IDE)

ATA-2 (Enhanced-IDE, Fast ATA, FAST IDE, Ultra ATA)

ATA-3 (Enhanced-IDE)

ATA/ATAPI-4 (ATA-4, Ultra ATA/33)

ATA/ATAPI-5 (ATA-5, Ultra ATA/66)

ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA-6, Ultra ATA/100)

ATA/ATAPI-7 (ATA-7, Ultra ATA/133)

ATA/ATAPI-8 (ATA-8)

Serial ATA (since 2002):

Serial ATA (SATA)

Serial ATA II (SATA II)

Serial ATA III (SATA III)

External Serial ATA (eSATA)

Tags: Serial SATA, SATA Serial, SATA Serial SATA, Serial SATA Serial

Tell The Difference Between Fluorescent Bulb Types

Recent research in fluorescent lighting has resulted in sharper bulb color and brightness.

Given the cost savings and tax breaks that businesses can derive from greening their operations, knowing the differences between fluorescent bulb types is a skill that can directly affect the bottom line. According to Energy Star, fluorescent bulbs use only about one-quarter of the energy that incandescent lamps do while providing the same amount of illumination. they also last 10 times longer. The three most common types of fluorescent bulbs are linear or straight tube, compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs and circline lamps.

Instructions

1. The spiral shape easily identifies this compact fluorescent bulb.

Look at their shapes. Energy-efficient bulbs are almost always spiraled; compact fluorescent bulbs are tubes that spiral in either a circle or long loops. Identify linear fluorescent lights by their long, straight, tubular shape; these are not as energy efficient as the compact fluorescent bulbs. Look at the end of the bulb to determine whether it can be screwed into an existing socket -- an integrated bulb -- or whether you must install it in a ballast and socket designed to match its specifications -- nonintegrated bulb. Integrated bulbs have a screw-in bottom while the nonintegrated variety plugs at the end.

2. Read the package. Discover details that provide information about the differences in fluorescent bulbs on the box. Compare the efficacy, lifetime hours, color rendition index, color temperature and whether it can be used indoors or outdoors. The efficacy is measured in watts and informs you how bright the light is.

3. Study the Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star charts. Peruse the Energy Star website to determine whether the bulbs you are considering qualify as energy efficient and how much you save using them. Read the comparison charts that guide you in choose the right bulb, depending on whether you are using it indoors, outdoors, in a ceiling fan, as part of track lighting, in a table lamp, in a wall sconce or as flood lighting.

Tags: fluorescent bulbs, compact fluorescent, Energy Star, compact fluorescent bulbs, determine whether, energy efficient, indoors outdoors